Stereotypes in the Media free essay sample

Results interpreted showed news stereotypes are considered more socially acceptable, whereas comedy stereotypes can be viewed as offensive and not suitable for children. Drama was very similar to comedy. Stereotypes and their Pervasiveness in the Media The media these days is littered with stereotypes. These stereotypes portray a multitude of different categories, such as age, race, religion, sex and sexuality, mostly in a negative light. The aged, for example, have bad hearing; Muslims are all violent and suicidal; and the French have a snobbish attitude, love for frogs legs, and a hate for the English. While stereotypes tend to have a grain of truth within them (the French really do hate the English), they tend to overlook the differences between individuals, making them too generalised and unreliable. Despite this inaccuracy, the media still does this often. While stereotypes are used in comedy â€Å"for the lulz,† they are deliberately used in this manner, unlike in certain news and current affairs shows, where it is used out of ignorance and efficiency. We will write a custom essay sample on Stereotypes in the Media or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because of the way media has stereotyped minorities, society has absorbed this into everyday use and many find it socially cceptable to use offensive stereotypes in everyday conversations. While comedy shows are not trying to offend and proliferate stereotypes, they in fact cause more harm than news and current affairs programs. The Simpsons, a television show known well for its satirical voice and comedic social commentary, is scattered with stereotypes, many of immigrants. Apu, an Indian convenience store owner who appears often in the show, is stingy and has a recognisably Indian accent and prays to his Hindu god, Ganesh. This inaccurate portrayal of Indian immigrants is perceived to be humourous by the public, but they are likely to apply these stereotypes to real people if their misconceptions are not corrected. This research aimed to compare the frequency of stereotypes between different genres of prime time television shows. The genres compared were comedy, drama and news. The hypothesis is that comedy will have the most stereotypes, followed by news, then by drama. Method Participants The participants in this investigation were 36 fifteen to sixteen year olds in year 11 of high school. The students were all academically selective and were mostly Caucasian. The participants chosen were all psychology students, taught by the same teacher. Parents had given permission to participate in this research and signed a permission slip for students to watch at least 3 prime time television shows within two weeks, one to be news or current affairs, the other two being of their choice. Apparatus A log sheet was given (see appendix A) to record the amount of time watching television, and the number of stereotypes noticed. Televisions were to be provided by the participants. So were pens. Procedure The 36 participants were instructed to watch television between the hours of 5 and 10pm. While watching television, they were to record the number of times they saw a stereotype being portrayed and comment on what was being portrayed. This took place over two weeks, after which the results were collated and analysed. Results The results are shown in chart form in Appendix B and C. Once the results were graphed there was not much of a difference between the genres. The data in the graph is collected from a number of participants’ log sheets. 30 people watched news, 21 watched comedy, and 19 watched dramas. The graph didn’t show a single genre to contain significantly more stereotypes. [pic] The graph above shows that there seems to be less of a gap between different stereotypes in comedy, while news has more stereotypes of age and less of religion. Drama has less stereotypes than the others, even when the lack of viewers is factored in. Race and gender are the stereotypes most portrayed by television. Discussion The data partially supports the hypothesis. Despite drama being the genre of television with the least stereotypes, comedy came second to news. News portrayed a lot more stereotypes of age. This is probably a result of violent attacks on old people in their homes. The least portrayed were sexuality, most likely a result of complaints of sexually explicit material being aired. The results do show a large amount of stereotypes are present in television shows. The stereotyping has a tendency to make things quicker and less time-consuming. After all, how is it possible to list all the political, social, economic, ideological and theological differences of a population of about 6 billion? The accuracy of this investigation is to be questioned. While it is possible to rely on this data, it is not going to be completely accurate and it may not demonstrate the true amount of stereotyping done on television. If, for example, all the news shos watched were from the same network, this would affect the results. Other networks may be more biased or even more impartial. The lack of regulation of the programs and networks would have had some effect on the accuracy of the results. Also, the method of recording the stereotypes might also affect the results. With a very vague system, it is impossible to be exact on what stereotypes are displayed, and whether they are a simple comment on turbans, or a full-fledged attack on the habits of old people. Very little research has been done into the number of stereotypes portrayed on television, as opposed to countless studies into the harmfulness of these stereotypes on impressionable children and even adults. The research shows that there are a lot of stereotypes on television, at least 5 or 6 per program. This research is part of understanding how television networks design their shows, and how stereotypes are used as they are instrumental to making changes to unfair depiction of minorities in the media. If the stereotypes are deemed inappropriate then it would be unlikely to make things any better when it comes to international relations and even domestic relations. There has been a lot of rage aimed at the Australians who assaulted two Indian students in Sydney. The acts of violence against minorities have escalated recently. Further research may venture into stereotyping of specific minorities, to examine the details of stereotyping.

The Unsuccessful Willy Loman Essay Example

The Unsuccessful Willy Loman Essay Example The Unsuccessful Willy Loman Paper The Unsuccessful Willy Loman Paper Fangmei Chen 20080100117 Class 05 Readings from 20th Century British and American Drama The Unsuccessful Willy Loman Willy,as a man of 63,is supposed to come to an age where everything should be settled down. However,he is still suffering in his job even before he commits suicide. His financial situation is unsecure. His wife has to repair her stockings instead of buying a new one. And he has to borrow money from his neigbour Charley,though he never returns them. What has led to Willy’s unsucess in life,and finally even the tragedy of killing himself,we may wonder. My personal opinion is that Willy’s own personality and his illison of success has caused the final unpleasant fact of being unsuccessful. PEOPLE’S OPINIONS Some critics say that this is due to the fierce competition of the society. He works all his life and when he gets old and becomes less productive,the society,represented by his boss Howard Wagner,still puts him on straight commission,and,when Willy asked for â€Å"not travel† on roads(61),he refused and fired him. Even some pointed out that â€Å"Willy was a man who has worked all his life by the machinery of Democracy and Free Enterprise and was then spit mercilessly out, spent like a piece of fruit. †[1] Others say this is due to his blind belief in the American Dream. According to Matthew Warshauer, â€Å"Traditionally, Americans have sought to realise the American dream of success, fame and wealth through thrift and hard work. †[2] As for Willy,he has been on the road when he was only 19. He went through all the hustle and bustle all his life and still failed to success and get what he wants. In this case,he seems to be the victim of believing in the American Dream. But is it true? The answer will reveal itself later during the discovery of his personality. WILLY’S PERSONALITY When trying to find out more about Willy’s personalities,his job as a salesman can be regarded as an open sesame for us to know him. Old Dave is the man who makes an decisive influence on Willy when it comes to the moment of choosing his future career. From Willy’s remembrance of the past,Dave Singleman is a man of 84 who can sit in his room and pick up a phone and then make money. And also, â€Å"he died the death of a salesman,in his green velvet slippers in the smoker of the New York† and â€Å"hundreds of salesman and buyers were at his funeral. †(63)Because of the seemingly comfort and respect of this job,Willy made a final conclusion that salesman was what he wanted to be. Just simply seeing Old Dave’s success and then trying to make himself a salesman indicates Willy’s lack of self-reflection as a part of his personality. Firstly,Willy is different from Old Dave. Dave Singleman doesnt have a family and seems to enjoy his lifestyle as being alone(indicated byâ€Å"Singleman†) and being a salesman. He knows better of himself than Willy of what he is doing and is doing it successfully. Willy,however,deep in his heart,is in great need of love. In the flashback of the love affair in Boston,Willy said that â€Å" ‘Cause I get so lonely-especially when bussiness is bad and there is nobody to talk to. †(173) He can’t bear the loneliness of leaving his family and travelling on roads all the time while this is what a salesman’s job demands for. How can a person who can’t adapt himself well to his job be a successful person,or at least a happy person? We can see more details about how he feels about his job and find out how his own personality has an effect on his job,which is a failure in most degree. Sometimes he thinks lowly of himself and doing self-accusation. As he said to Linda, â€Å"My God,if businses don’t pick up I don’t know what I’m gonna do! † â€Å"I gotta be at it ten,twelve hours a day. Other menI don’t know they do it easier. I dont know whyI can’t stop myself- I talk too much. † â€Å"I’m fat. I’m very-foolish to look at. †(172) Although a salesman is supposed to be self-confident most of the time, Willy seems to lack self-confidence to assure himself. And that won’t help him with his selling work at all. He is also very mercurial about himself. He can feel upset about himself at one moment and turns to be very ambitious at the next moment,and vice versa. At scene I,he once said,â€Å"Oh,I’ll knock ‘em dead next week. I’ll go to Harford. I’m very well liked in Hartford. You know,the trouble is,Linda,people don’t seem to take to me. †(171) From what have been analyzed above,we know that Willy is inadequate for a salesman’s job. And his personality of being lack of confience contributes largely to that. Sometimes he seems to know that he oesn’t do his job well. â€Å"I get the feeling that I’ll never see anything again,that I won’t make a living for you, or a business,a business for the boys. †(173)Meanwhile,in the next line,he reveals his great ambitions: â€Å" There’s so much I want to make for- † . (173)And this is also mentioned befo re his flashback, â€Å" Someday I’ll have my own business,and I’ll never have to leave home any more. †(166) However,he makes himself feel like that he is doing a good job. When Linda asked if he had sold anything,at first he said, â€Å" I did five hundred gross in Providence and seven hundred gross in Boston. That number finally cut to a total number of seventy dollars and some pennies by the insistent questioning of Linda. In this way,he seems to cheat himself for feeling better. Finally,when Charley wanted to offer Willy another job as a solution to support his family,Willy refused. He is of too high self-esteem to receive it. In this way,he cuts out a way to survive himself in the competitive society. So,society shouldn’t be to blame in Willy’s tragedy. WILLY’S ILLUSION OF SUCCESS Willy’s view of success can be indicated in the case of Old Dave and later of the play. He believes that â€Å"to be well-liked is the means to being successful. † Not only he hinself believes in this motto,but he also teaches his son Biff following his concept. When Biff was a football star in high school with three scholarships to three universities,Willy thought his son had been successful. And it didnt matter even if he didnt work hard on his math and failed the exam. Actually, â€Å"Willy’s strong desire to be well-liked is what drove him to have an affair in Boston. The fact that she would go to bed with him promoted his ego after a hard day of being turned away by buyers. [3] Actually,Willy is the one who knows his own â€Å"dream of success† and sticks to it strictly and overactively. He totally involves himself in the illusion of success. We may find that Willy seems to be exceptionally proud of a ceiling that he had installed in the living room. It was a task that the successful Charley could not perform. †Still in scene I,Willy and Charley have this talk: WILLY:Did you see the ceiling I put up in the living-room? CHARLEY:Yeah,that’s a piece of work. To put up a ceiling is a mystery to me. (178) Willy is good at the carpenter job and he likes it but he wouldn’t admit. When Biff suggested him for being a carpenter, he said ,â€Å"Your grandfather was better than a carpenter. † Biff,in the process of finding himself,confesses to himself that he doesn’t like life in the prosperous east and would rather enjoy a more primitive life in the west. While Biff is more aware of his own willingness, illusion of success again gets in the way of Willy’s happiness. Willy’s wish is to â€Å"get rich quick† like his brother Ben,who,according to Willy’s memory,describes himself as, â€Å"when I was seventeen I walked into the jungle,and when I was twenty-one I walked out. And by God I was rich. †(182)Willy doesnt care about how his brother made his money as far as his being rich has already fulfilled his illusion of success. In the end, he â€Å"sells† his life for a twenty-thousand-dollar insurance policy in order to stake his sons fortune. As analysed by Paul Rosefeldt,â€Å"His death becomes merely another ‘get rich quick’ scheme. Charley and Bernard, Willys neighbors, prove that success can be achieved, but for Willy Loman, who has absorbed too many American Dreams, the system inevitably becomes destructive. [4]The way Willy persuits his success is as the way of flying moth rushes towards fire,which brings destruction upon himself. CONCLUSION Willy’s unsuccess is due to his own personality and his illision of success. The competitive society still offers him opportunity as presented by Charley and his belief in the American Dream has become obsessive. The illision scheme of success carries him far away from the ro ad of success and even promotes his death in order that his son could success in the way he wishes. This unsuccessful image of Willy did leave for us many thoughts and force us to review the definition of success. REFERENCES: [1]website:Homework Online Study Guide homework-online. com/doas/discussion. html [2] Matthew Warshauer,Who Wants to Be a Millionaire:  Changing Conceptions of the American Dream, americansc. org. uk/Online/American_Dream. htm [3] The Bellmore-Merrick Central High School District:English Resources: bellmore-merrick. k12. ny. us/death. html [4]Paul Rosefeldt ;Magill’s Survey of American Literature, Revised Edition  © 2007 by Salem Press, Inc

HCM621-0804A-01 Ethics, Policy, and Law in Health Care Management - Essay - 3

HCM621-0804A-01 Ethics, Policy, and Law in Health Care Management - Phase 2 Discussion Board - Essay Example (Safire, 1993) The Watergate scandal impacted our current privacy act and health care privacy laws. If you go to The False Claims Act Legal Center (http://www.taf.org) you will find out of the top 100 claims of violations and fines, over 50 of them are health care institutions. For example, July 2006, Tenet Healthcare had billing violations that include manipulation of outlier payments to Medicare, as well as kickbacks, upcoding, and bill padding. June 2006, St. Barnabas Healthcare, filed false "outlier" Medicare payments (41%) which a hospital can claim if a procedure is particularly difficult or complex. January 2000, Fresenius Medical Care, the worlds largest provider of kidney dialysis products and services, was caught in a scam which involved fraudulent and fictitious blood testing, kickbacks to dialysis facilities to obtain blood testing contracts for LifeChem, and fraudulent claims submitted to Medicare for intradialytic parenteral nutrition. (TAF, 2006) Different kinds of human nature are the driving force behind violations of ethics. Some people are motivated by weighing the risk of getting caught versus the benefit of the fraudulent act. Others might be acting in the interest of rivalry – will this act cause them to move ahead of the competition? A desire to succeed can sometimes cause shortcutting or sidestepping ethical policies. Some people follow the rules of ethics simply because they do not wish to pay the consequences. Many are motivated to keep ethical standards by their own sense of fairness and self-respect. They self-police their own actions based on their moral code learned over time. And finally, some people simply do not know what the standards of ethics are about – never assume all people share the same education and ability to absorb external training. Since it is our business to provide ethical treatment and care for our customer – it’s in our own best interest to exceed minimum legal

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 26

Marketing - Essay Example As discussed earlier BMW is known for its luxury cars and primarily targets the premium market segment to generate its revenues. In order to successfully develop an effective marketing strategy, satisfying the needs and requirements of the targeted consumers should be given the topmost priority by any organization. Hence, the first step towards developing an effective marketing strategy of BMW would be to analyze the consumer behavior patterns followed by the company's potential target population. The key issues that are having a significant impact on the global automotive industry are the increasing rate of urbanization, environmental issues and the changing nature of consumer behavior. The two-tier concept of the industry is changing at a rapid pace. The mature automotive markets in US and UK are expected to converge with the emerging markets like that of China and India in terms of the needs and wants of the consumers regarding safety, reliability, and quality. Moreover, the autom otive market segments comprising of low-cost and premium prices vehicles are also expected to converge. This type of changing consumer behavior and market trends indicate that the available opportunities for the automobile manufacturers would increase in relation to the increasing demand for mobility services and electric vehicles. As regards the targeted customers of BMW, they look for high standards of performance, luxury and quality in the products. There is an increasing demand for hybrid electric vehicles in the market as well.

'Descartes' account of what is necessary and what is sufficient for Essay

'Descartes' account of what is necessary and what is sufficient for knowledge does not make sense'. Explain and critically discuss - Essay Example In developing these ideas, Descartes wrote several books regarding the nature of existence and knowledge, providing us with plenty of material to study and has had tremendous influence on those who have come after him. One of his most often quoted statements is â€Å"I think, therefore I am† which was published in his book entitled â€Å"Discourse on Method,† which was first published in 1637. By studying the writings that led up to this concept as expressed in â€Å"Discourse on Method† and comparing them with further attempts to refine this idea within â€Å"Meditations on First Philosophy,† one begins to conclude that Descartes’ account of what is necessary and what is sufficient for knowledge does not make sense. This simple-sounding statement of â€Å"I think, therefore I am† is the result of a discourse in which Descartes calls into question all of the assumptions he’s come to know as a result of the philosophical thought of his day. â€Å"I had long before remarked that †¦ it is sometimes necessary to adopt, as if above doubt, opinions which we discern to be highly uncertain† (Descartes, 2001). To seek a higher version of the truth, Descartes felt it was necessary to question every assumption that had even the shadow of a doubt. Through this questioning process, he demonstrates how thought, not observation is really the right foundation for knowledge. â€Å"When I considered that the very same thoughts (presentations) which we experience when awake may also be experienced when we are asleep, while there is at that time not one of them true, I supposed that all the objects (presentations) that had ever entered into my mind when awake, had in them no more truth th an the illusions of my dreams† (Descartes, 2001). His idea of discovering truths about the world was defined by whether he had a clear and distinct perception of them and that was sufficient for knowledge. However, the idea that knowledge can be defined by a â€Å"clear and

Organizational and Management Theories

Organizational and Management Theories Introduction: Organizational behavior is the backbone of any business. It is used to study about the internal character and the external character of the people in the firm. Organizational behaviour is the study of how individuals and groups perform together within an organization. It focuses effectively on managing individuals, groups, organizations, and processes (Steven Stralser, 2004). Organizational behavior is convenient shorthand that refers to the numerous interrelated influences on and patterns of behaviour of people within organizations. (Porter, Lawler and Hackman) The culture of the organization can be measured in the terms of the individuals, group as well as from the whole organization. So for the purpose of analyzing the factors that affect the organization we need to analyze the factors that will affect the character of the individual, group as well as the whole organization. The organization will run in different ways inside. Most of the times this is formal and sometimes this is informal as well. Most of the problems residing in the company are based on the interpersonal problems. To over come the problems within the employees the company has managed to come up with few ideas. Understanding Organizational Behavior Evolution of management: Classical organization theory evolved during the first half of this century. It represents the merger of scientific management, bureaucratic theory, and administrative theory. (David S. Walonick, Ph.D.) Scientific approach of management: (1) (2) The scientific management was formulated by Frederick Winslow Taylor (often called Taylorism) in the years of late 19th century in order to increase the productivity in the firm. His theory had four basic principles: 1) find the one best way to perform each task, 2) carefully match each worker to each task, 3) closely supervise workers, and use reward and punishment as motivators, and 4) the task of management is planning and control. Most of the principles are applicable to almost all the organizations and it was widely accepted by the firms in that time. The main objective that stands with this theorem is to gain economic growth by improving the labor productivity. All the things needed to increase the productivity of the firm had been included in this theorem. Taylor noticed most of the problems with the workers in terms of the intelligence, creativity, talent, motivation, skills and more. These differences are the main reason for the low productivity in the firm. Taylor was a lathe operator and foreman. The scientific approach developed by the Taylor is the first to use the science to weigh the value of the individual workers. He said that taking the decisions of the industry just by the wish of the decision maker and the thumb rule should be omitted and the importance should be given more to the careful study of the process of taking the decision. More analysis has to be done before taking any kind of decisio n. It created new era in the late 19th century and the early 20th century. Most of the firms in those days accepted the theorem as the new way to increase the productivity rather than taking the decisions by using the old imposed methods. The Taylors theorem was first coined as the term shop management or process management. Later it was changed to the name scientific management. This method is implemented in most of the firms to reduce the wastage of the resources and increasing the productivity in the company. Most of the industries in those days were based on product development. There were fewer firms based on the services oriented. So it was well applicable to those time period/ but later it was falling in the negative side, as it was giving more importance to the part of improving the productivity that the human value. For example, during one of Taylors own implementations, a strike at the Watertown Arsenal led to an investigation of Taylors methods by a U.S. House of Representatives committee, which reported in 1912. The conclusion was that scientific management did provide some useful techniques and offered valuable organizational suggestions, but it gave production managers a dangerously high level of uncontrolled power. After an attitude survey of the workers revealed a high level of resentment and hostility towards scientific management, the Senate banned Taylors methods at the arsenal. (3) Certainly Taylorisms negative effects on worker morale only added more fuel to the fire of existing labor-management conflict, which frequently raged out of control between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries. Thus it inevitably contributed to the strengthening of labor unions, which was the opposite of any of Taylors own hopes for labor relations. That outcome neutralized most or all of the benefit of any productivity gains that Taylorism had achieved. Thus its net benefit to owners and management ended up being small or negative. It would take new efforts, borrowing some ideas from Taylorism but mixing them with others, to produce a winning formula. Classical theory of management: The classical theory of management has done most of its work on the flow of the control and the decision making capacity in an organization. It splits the organization into three levels based on the power they are having in changing the firm with their decisions. They are classified as top level management, middle level management, and Low level management. The top level management comprises of the directors and other board members who have the authority to take the decisions of the firm by themselves. In might include any acquisitions to be made, opening new departments, expanding in the international markets, applying innovations to create a new product, closing productivity of existing products etc. All the strategies that are going to affect the firm in a major aspect will have its birth from the table of the top level management. The middle level management is the supervisors who carry the decisions made by the top level to the bottom level. The middle level management is there to manage the decisions taken and to process those things to split the work among the different personnel across the organization. The low level persons are the real workers of the firm. They are the ones who execute the plans and the decisions of the top level management and the middle level management. These bottom line workers are the labors who were working for the hourly wage or sometimes as contractors. Most of the individuals in this level are low thinkers and capable of doing things they got expertise in. Hawthorne studies: (4) The Hawthorne effect an increase in worker productivity produced by the psychological stimulus of being singled out and made to feel important. Along with Frederick Taylors work, this study gave rise to the field known as Industrial Psychology as social group influences and interpersonal factors must also be considered when performing efficiency research such as time and motion studies. The major finding of the study was that almost regardless of the experimental manipulation employed, the production of the workers seemed to improve. One reasonable conclusion is that the workers were pleased to receive attention from the researchers who expressed an interest in them. The study was only expected to last one year, but because the researchers were set back each time they tried to relate the manipulated physical conditions to the workers efficiency, the project extended out to five years. Four general conclusions were drawn from the Hawthorne studies: The aptitudes of individuals are imperfect predictors of job performance. Although they give some indication of the physical and mental potential of the individual, the amount produced is strongly influenced by social factors. Informal organization affects productivity. The Hawthorne researchers discovered a group life among the workers. The studies also showed that the relations that supervisors develop with workers tend to influence the manner in which the workers carry out directives. Work-group norms affect productivity. The Hawthorne researchers were not the first to recognize that work groups tend to arrive at norms of what is a fair days work; however, they provided the best systematic description and interpretation of this phenomenon. The workplace is a social system. The Hawthorne researchers came to view the workplace as a social system made up of interdependent parts. Maslows Hierarchy Of Needs Abraham Maslow developed a theory of personality that has influenced a number of different fields, including education. This wide influence is due in part to the high level of practicality of Maslows theory. This theory accurately describes many realities of personal experiences. Maslow has set up a hierarchy of five levels of basic needs. Beyond these needs, higher levels of needs exist. These include needs for understanding, esthetic appreciation and purely spiritual needs. In the levels of the five basic needs, the person does not feel the second need until the demands of the first have been satisfied or the third until the second has been satisfied, and so on. Maslows basic needs are as follows: Physiological Needs These are biological needs. They consist of needs for oxygen, food, water, and a relatively constant body temperature. They are the strongest needs because if a person were deprived of all needs, the physiological ones would come first in the persons search for satisfaction. Safety Needs When all physiological needs are satisfied and are no longer controlling thoughts and behaviours, the needs for security can become active. Adults have little awareness of their security needs except in times of emergency or periods of disorganization in the social structure (such as widespread rioting). Children often display the signs of insecurity and the need to be safe. Needs of Love, Affection and Belongingness When the needs for safety and for physiological well-being are satisfied, the next class of needs for love, affection and belongingness can emerge. Maslow states that people seek to overcome feelings of loneliness and alienation. This involves both giving and receiving love, affection and the sense of belonging. Needs for Esteem When the first three classes of needs are satisfied, the needs for esteem can become dominant. These involve needs for both self-esteem and for the esteem a person gets from others. Humans have a need for a stable, firmly based, high level of self-respect, and respect from others. When these needs are satisfied, the person feels self-confident and valuable as a person in the world. When these needs are frustrated, the person feels inferior, weak, helpless and worthless. Needs for Self-Actualization When all of the foregoing needs are satisfied, then and only then are the needs for self-actualization activated. Maslow describes self-actualization as a persons need to be and do that which the person was born to do. However, it is not always clear what a person wants when there is a need for self-actualization. (from Psychology The Search for Understanding by Janet A. Simons, Donald B. Irwin and Beverly A. Drinnien West Publishing Company, New York, 1987) The hierarchic theory is often represented as a pyramid, with the larger, lower levels representing the lower needs, and the upper point representing the need for self-actualization as below: The above theories give rise to the necessity of Human relations and team dynamics which play a major role in the successful performance of a company. Human Relations: (5) Human relations can be defined as the cordial atmosphere in an organization in which people practice the art of living in such a way that they communicate, act, interact and transact in a cordial manner recognizing each others needs, views, values and temperaments so that every interaction and transaction which takes place in an organization would have concern for each others interests and feelings leading to better motivation and morale of people at all levels in the organization. The business organizations of today, and days to come, must employ and manage educated and enlightened human beings in their work force, in place of traditional, illiterate and less ambitious man power. Team dynamics: (6) Team Dynamics are the unseen forces that operate in a team between different people or groups. Team Dynamics can strongly influence how a team reacts, behaves or performs, and the effects of team dynamics are often very complex. It is the responsibility of the manager to look into the group regarding the communication issues. The managers have to make sure that there are no personal disputes in the group and the communication mode is perfect in making the decisions within the group. And the authority given for a person is used in the right way and has never been misused. The responsibility to make sure that the ideas of any individuals are freely opening in the group resides with the manager. The group is made of individual characters. Hence the dispute between any two of the characters will lead to the destruction of the whole team. The team is made up of different people, different gender, from different location so they have to develop the skills to learn from each other. They should find the opportunity in the difficult times. Thats the real way to learn the things. People from different location can learn each others way of living, way of habit, their cultures and more. Even there may be difference in t he way of learning. So, all the things will be helpful in a team. The size of the team will also sometimes influence the way of attraction or the way that is causing the dispute between people. If the size of the team is too small in a single digit, then managing that group is somewhat easier than the other. Some of the people in a group will actively participate in all the works of the group. But others used to avoid such things. They wont actively participate in the team events. Some of the positive aspects about the team dynamics are as follows: This drags others in the team to get into the discussion, So that the team friendliness increases. Will increases the social feel to the group and the people start taking the things at ease. Remove their hesitation to play and having fun with other. And that kind of friendship asks them to be more informal and make their minds free of the stress. So the people will not have to expect the motivation and encouragement from any of the formal persons or through the beneficiary acts. Their team members are there to please them at the needed time. But it has some negative effects too. If two people were friends in a group, then the other people might find it difficult to get between them. So eventually there will be two sub groups. Most of the information passed through these groups is not passed to other group. Social culture within them gets spoiled and the people are not actively participating in each others activities. The decision making of the group is to be done without the intervention of one of the groups. The miscommunication within the team will lead to the poor performance from that team. At the time of problem the members of the group have to find the solutions as a team. This will reduce the processing time of the problems as well as bring out lots of alternative solutions for a single problem. Likewise the solution may be innovative and smart and sometime it will reduce the amount of resource we need to reduce. Thus it reduces the cost of implementing the solution. Let us consider an example to understand team dynamics: Suppose in a small team of six people working in one office there are two people who have a particularly strong friendship. This friendship is a natural force that may have an influence on the rest of the team, and can be manifest in various ways, either positively or negatively. The positive effect of a strong friendship in a team might be: The friends communicate a lot together which naturally results in other members being drawn into the discussion which results in a good social feel to the group which makes people enjoy being in the group which improves motivation and commitment The negative effect of a strong friendship might be: To cause the other four people to feel excluded which means they are less likely to include the two friends in decision making which means that there are likely to be two sub-groups which means that information may not flow across the whole group, but only within the subgroups which means that miscommunication may lead to misunderstanding and poor collective performance Case Study: To discuss the organizational structure and its patterns lets look into the following case study on Wipro Technologies Wipro Technologies is one of the largest IT services firm in India that has been started in the year of 1985, by Azim Premji. The Wipro Technologies is the subsidiary of Wipro limited started first as the company that produced the sunflower oil and 787 laundry soap. The IT services of the Wipro are being providing its services to the companies in Europe, America, Japan and almost all the parts of the world. The company majorly operates in three segments such as Global services India and Asia pacific services Consumer care and lightning The company is having it services in almost all the parts of the business such as health care, insurance, banking, military, hospital, mobile, finance, media, business management and more. The services provided by the Wipro are as database management, customer relationship management, business consulting, business intelligence, network management, testing services, enterprise application development, security applications and more. Wipro is one of the IT firms that is giving importance to the innovations of the tag line Wipro Applying Thought Wipro is having more than 40 centers of excellence that provide solutions to the number of industries across the nation. With its unmatched business solutions through the process excellence, service delivery innovations innovation, Wipro is the first company to receive the CMMI level 5 in the software services company. And also to receive the IEEE software process award by a company that is outside of the United States. Wipro has strong faith in the innovation and according to them the innovation will act as a significant partner in developing the business and achieving high goals. The top management of the Wipro was keen in looking for the innovation within the organizations. The top management believes that to become top most in the IT servicing firms, it has to make lots of changes in the innovative way. Some of the innovations made within the company as per the recent trends are introduction of home networking, wireless communications and workplace collaboration. Wipro is the first company to make the multiprocessor systems in India and making mini computer along with the compiler that was written in India. In the later years the company made its step into the IT related services. By the years of 1990s it became one of the notable firm in providing the IT related services. After the Infosys and the Tata consultancy services, Wipro is the major software exporter of India. After globalization started making impact on the world market, the IT service providing in India got a boom. Wipro was one among them to take their ship in that wave and was successful eventually. However, just like any other organizations, Wipro has its own flaws and was not an exception, where the employees face the same challenges as any other IT firm would face. Below are some of the common problems faced by the individuals in a software firm: Benching: Whenever the software industry is in need to get the status of the multi national company they will have to show some internal status to get that MNC grade. For that they have to implement their offices for development as well as marketing in other nations also. Likewise they have to show the certain number of employees working in their company. Accordingly, more than the required number of employees will be employed for the projects. As some of the employees would not be assigned to any of the projects, they will be idle and this process is called being on Bench. During the bad economic times and recession they will terminate the employment of those who are not assigned to any of the send out the persons who were not assigned with any of the projects. The job of a person in the MNCs is not safe. But that person is provided with the huge salary. Technical up gradation: Most of the people in the software firm fail to update themselves with the software field needs updating frequently. Without the up gradation of knowledge no one can survive in the field. Since it is the emerging domain, employees have to keep themselves well prepared. The firms will keep on training the persons with new technology and keep on appraising on the basis of their knowledge. The persons showing poor result during the appraisals would be de-promoted or thrown out of the firm at any time. So, unless and until the employees keep themselves updated with the growing needs, their jobs are in danger. Inadequate Time span: The employees are getting less time to finish their projects and the companies are looking for cutting the unwanted cost and to gain more. The employees are stressed more to accomplish the tasks. So the software engineers are expected to put more hours to work which not only affects the potential of the individuals but also the work-life balance of ones life. Lack of training: Most of the people in the software firm are not getting enough training when they are placing them in new project with new technology. They are supposed to learn all those sort of new technologies by themselves. So their work will not have perfection. High stress: It is not the kind of job for the people who are not capable for solving their solving their stress. Because the software domain jobs are highly payable, it also produces more stress in you than other jobs. People work on their computers for longer periods of time without any movement around and cannot be felt relieved from stress. Though the entities are concentrating on the stress management programs, employees are not able to find value in them, as at the end of the day the project work is your first responsibility. Recommendations for effective Management for the above discussed problems: (6) Developing effective management skills to deal with specific challenges and problems of each organization is the urgent needs of many businesses and organizations in the global competitive environment, rapid changing of technology and environment. The new tendency of training and development of successful organizations over the world today is developing effective skills in dealing with specific challenge of their own organization to reach their own mission and objectives in the new organization that characterized by networked, flat, flexible, diverse, global organization. An effective management should have the following skills. Creative Problem Solving Skills: This includes identifying the cause of the problem, analyzing the problem and developing and implementing a creative and sensible approach for the problem Communication Skills: The effective communication should ideally include listening, presentation and report writing skills where the employees should be provided adequate training and awareness on. Conflict Management Skills: Management should capable of identifying any sources of conflict, understanding the style of conflict resolution and should be able to choose the best strategy for dealing the conflict Self-Awareness and Improvement: The management should emphasize on the concept of self-management and the effectiveness of self-management. This can be done by developing a holistic thinking and understanding the emotions in the work place of the employees Traditional versus Contemporary Organizational structure and Culture: (7) Traditional organizations emphasize a strict division of labor, top-down decision-making, and extensive rules and procedures where as on the other hand the contemporary design flattens the traditional pyramid structure, facilitates the flow of information to all parts of the organization and reduces response time to external and internal demands. It is to be noted that the traditional organization is a pyramid with a president at the top, a few vice presidents, and layers of management and the majority of employees at the bottom. Jobs are specialized, and information and authority flow from higher to lower levels. Wipro Technologies has been following the traditional organizational structure when it has first started with the production of sunflower oil and laundry soaps, until it entered the IT market. However, as the times passed by, due to the expansion of the firm in to global market with a variety of services, it chose to follow the modern organizational structure to grow as per the industry standards. In the modern times, especially for an organization like Wipro where it has emerged in to the global markets, the contemporary or the modern organizational structure suits the best as it is in par with the changing times. Conclusion: Thus, it is very evident that all the organizational and management theories put forward are to help the organizations to be successful in terms of their individual employees, groups, management and environmental changes. The organizations choose the type of organizational structure to be followed, either modern or traditional depending on the vision, industry and the market approach of the firm. It is no be noted that the individual employees contribute to the major part of the firms success and therefore the management should always bear in mind the human relations and team dynamics with in the organization while effectively managing the groups.

The Velvet Revolution Essay -- World History

The citizens of Czechoslovakia had not known freedom in decades. During much of World War II the nation was occupied by the Nazis and later by the Red Army as it drove the Nazis back to Berlin. When they Red Army moved into an area, communist regimes were set up to govern the area, and establish satellite nations. There were numerous uprisings throughout the decade that were violently suppressed by the communist governments with help from the USSR. After Alexander Dubcek tried to grant reforms to the people of Czechoslovakia in 1968, the USSR and most members of the Warsaw Pact sent their military forces to intervene and suppress any unrest or reforms. Things grew somewhat violent and brutal, as any demonstrators were either or beaten, killed, or arrested. Dubcek himself was removed from power. While many Czech citizens were fed up with their lack of freedom and the failing economy, they had little chance to achieve change. In the mid 1980’s though things began to lighten up w hen Mikhail Gorbachev became Premier of the USSR and announced his reform programs of Glasnost and Perestroika. Gorbachev also encouraged the leaders of the satellite states to follow suit and grant their citizens more political and civil liberties. Under Gorbachev the USSR also withdrew most of its armed forces from eastern and central European countries. Many citizens and political reformers took advantage of the moment and started to push for an end to the single party political system that had been forced on them for years. 1989 was the year of many revolutions and demonstrations in eastern and central Europe. In October of 1989 police in Prague had to break up a few large demonstrations that broke out on the 71st anniversary of the establishment of Czec... ...the movement gained such widespread popular support made it possible for the demonstrators to have a great deal of leverage when negotiating with the communist party. Works Cited Ladislav Adamec, "Speech by Premier Ladislav Adamec at an extraordinary session of the CPCz CC, stating his preference for a political solution to the crisis," Making the History of 1989, Item #512, http://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/items/show/512 (accessed April 17 2012, 7:06 pm). The Civic Forum, "The Civic Forum's Exposition of its Position in Public Life with a Call for Nonviolence, Tolerance and Dialogue," Making the History of 1989, Item #503, http://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/items/show/503 (accessed April 17 2012, 7:15 pm). The Civic Forum, "List of Goals by the Civic Forum," Making the History of 1989, Item #513, http://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/items/show/513 (accessed April 17 2012, 6:56 pm).

Person-Centred Approaches to Counselling Unit Essay

The essay will evaluate the necessity and importance of the development of the core conditions in the counselling process and critically analyse the strengths and weaknesses of the person-centred approach on the counselling process. The Person-Centred Approach focuses on the clients own best authority as it is based on the client’s personal experience in his or her own life here and now. It shows the client as someone who has the ability of fulfilling his or her own potential for changes (Mearns & Thorne, 2007) I believe that Carl Rogers Person-Centred counselling is reliable. It developed the method of enhancing the relationship formed between a counsellor or therapist and client. Rogers proposes that the development of trust and understanding within this relationship encourages self-realization, and enables the client to acknowledge the problems and issues they are facing. This approach of encouragement and guidance, helps the client to feel comfortable about disclosing personal and private information to the counsellor, which in turn helps the client on their journey for there solutions (Mearns & Thorne 2007). Rogers identified certain core conditions which he believed to be necessary if clients are to make progress in counselling (Rogers, 1951). It defines the counsellor qualities and attitudes which if present, will easily change the growth within the client. The most important of these attitudes is the counsellor’s ability to understand the client’s feelings and showing respect for the client and being congruent or genuine. The Rogerian main core conditions are Empathy, Unconditional Positive Regard and Congruence or genuineness, but he also listed six conditions in additions to these three. 1. Two persons are in Psychological contact.  2. The first, whom we shall term the client, is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable or anxious. 3. The second person, whom we shall term the therapist is congruence or integrated in the relationship. 4. The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for the client. 5. The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client’s internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this experience to the client. 6. The communication to the client of the therapist’s empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved (The Carl Rogers Reader, 1990). â€Å"No other conditions are necessary. If the six conditions exist and continue over a period of time, this is sufficient. The process of constructive personality change will follow†. (The Carl Rogers Reader 1990 page 221) Unconditional positive regard: According to the fourth condition, the client feels that the counsellor values him consistently throughout their relationship, despite the fact that he may not value himself and even if the counsellor does not like or approve of all the client’s behavior. (An example may be! A client tells the counsellor that he is thinking of leaving his wife and kids because he has just discovered he is gay). The counsellor may not like or agree with the client’s decision morally because of his/her own beliefs, whether religious or traditional. In such cases the counsellor has to show empathy, respect the client for who they are at that moment. It is in their power to take the matter to supervision later if they wish. Carl Rogers believed that unconditional positive regard is essential for a healthy relationship to develop between a client and the counselor (The Carl Rogers Reader, 1990). Therefore it is conclusive that people need love, acceptance, respect and warmth from others, but unfortunately these attitudes and feelings are often only given conditionally. As a person develops he/she needs love and acceptance from important people in their environment such as parents and peers. The individuals often deals with the condition accepting by others gradually to incorporate their conditions into their own views about themselves like the â€Å"I am†. Example like I am the sort of person who must never be late†, or â€Å"I am the sort of person who always respects others†, or â€Å"I am the sort of person who always keeps the house clean†. Due to a fundamental need for positive regard from others, it is easier to ‘be’ this sort of person so as to receive such positive feedback. Over time, the individual looses the sense of their own identity and their own evaluations of experience, and the individual may partly or even entirely change due to the pressures felt from other people or the environment around them. At the same time, we have a need for positive self-regard – to develop a sense of trust in the accuracy and reliability of our own inner experienced, it is on this we must depend if we are to become independent from and able to make good decisions about life and how we are to be in it. We learn to view ourselves as others view us, ignoring our inner experience whatever we feel it is in conflict with the values of those significant others on whom we depend. Roger’s term for this was locus of evaluation. By this, he meant the tendency of some people to rely on the evaluations of others for their feelings of acceptance and self esteem (Mearns & Thorne, 2007). Unconditional positive regard defined as being non-judgmental, accepting, and respectful toward the client (Mearns & Thorne, 2007). The background and moral differences of a client should not prevent the counsellor attaining the Rogerian conditions. The counsellor has to accept the positive and negativity of ones clients no matter their sexuality, culture or traditions and religious beliefs. The counsellor also has to show warmth towards his client. According to the fourth condition therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client’s internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this experience to the client. The warmth comes from the counsellor toward the client, helps to develops the trust between the counsellor and client relationship, but the counsellor has professional in showing warmth, because too little or too much will slow the development of trust in the process of the counselling sessions for some particular clients. The fifth condition can also be a part of empathy. â€Å"Empathy is a continuing process whereby the counsellor lays aside her own way of experiencing and perceiving reality, preferring to sense and respond to the experiencing and perceptions of her client. This sensing may be intense and enduring with the counsellor actually experiencing her client’s thoughts and feelings as powerfully as if they had originated in herself† (Mearns & Thorne 2007 p.67). Although there is only one physical world each individual experiences it differently. This is because we all have our own opinion and differences, and applying empathy will allow the counsellor to adapt to the client’s frame of mind. To illustrate, the counsellor should sense the client’s anger, fear, confusion or private world, as if these very things were the counsellor’s own feelings, It is of high importance that the client’s feelings or experiences do not emotionally distract the counsellor because it could pose a threat to the relationship between the counsellor and her client. Although the client may be desperate and lost in his/her world, the counsellor must remain as someone who is coherent and reliable, as well as sensitive. During the counsel sessions the therapist has to understand the feeling of the patient’s not doubt what the client means. The remarks must fit in with the therapist’s tone of voice which conveys with the client mood and content. Unless some communication of these empathic conditions has been achieved, then such attitudes do not exist in the relationship as far as the client is concerned. Therefore empathy is not just a technique of responding to the client, but it is a way of being in relation to one’s client. Empathy always makes the counsellor feels like being on the same train or bus as the client! It is the client journey (not the counsellor) which the counsellor is joining and staying with no matter how mountainous the journey is, without been carried away but still maintain the core conditions throughout t he counselling process. According to the third condition the therapist should be within the confines of this relationship, a genuine, real, or congruence person, unlike the psychodynamic therapist who generally maintains a ‘blank screen’ and reveals little of their own personality in therapy (Angles on Applied Psychology, 2003 page 47). Carl Rogers believes that it is the realness of the therapist in the relationship which is the most important element. It is when the therapist is natural and spontaneous that he seems to be most effective. (Rogers, 1973: 186). Congruence is the most important attribute in counselling, according to Rogers (Mearns & Thorne 2007). It means that within the relationship the counsellor is freely and deeply himself, with his own experiences representing his awareness of himself. The therapist has to support the client to encourage change and be positive. The therapist has to be open and professional during the counselling process. The aim is not for the therapist to express or talk out his own feelings but to be aware of his or her own boundaries so that he might not be bias to the client. It is important to be honest and at times may need to reflect on his/her feelings to the client, colleague or in supervision if it is standing in the way of the following conditions. Counsellors are sometimes faced with an exciting but frightening challenges, for some counsellor it is not difficult to be congruent whiles for others. They might find it very difficult or frightening but it could also confront us with the frightening possibility that we may not have the courage to meet that challenge, as Rogers wrote: different therapist achieve good results in quite different way ( Rogers, 1973) (example: the man who told the counsellor that he is thinking of leaving his wife because he is gay), it could be a frightening experience for the counsellor because of the counsellor’s background, but at the same time the counsellor have to be congruence and let the client know how they are feeling at the moment but the counsellor have to show the client unconditional positive regard and accept the client for who they really are. The therapist has to be transparent, by making himself or herself transparent to the client, the client can see right through what the therapist is in the relationship and that is how the client can develop trust for the counsellor. The famous Johari Window teaches us about the known to others but not to me and knows to me but not to others. There are aspects of our personality that we’re open about, and other elements that we keep to ourselves. There are things that others see in us that we’re not aware of, like the hidden area. This contains things others observe about us that we don’t know about ourselves. Again, they could be positive or negative behaviors that will affect the way others act towards us like our client. Congruence is about not having secrets, it’s about being true to oneself, and it’s also about establishing equal rights for all relationships so that the counsellor and the client can have an open but honest relationship throughout the process. Rogers’ most individual theoretical concept is that of actualization in which he is optimistic about Human Nature. Drawn from other theorists of his time, including Maslow (1962,1970), Rogers identifies that human motivation functions to assist us to reach our individual potential (Rogers 1977). In so doing we strive to achieve internal harmony between what we feel and what we experiences. By a process of our own internal experience we as individual develop by changes and adapting through the means of self regulation. This includes congruent awareness and expression of feelings evoked by experiences: we recognize, then express, what we feel about an experience. The actualization process is a motivational system from which our individual evolution and development occurs. Competing against this, however, is the conscious self. (Rogers 1959; Maslow 1962). It might help to understand Rogers better if we contrast his theories with those of freud because the two are so different. This contrast will show how Rogers can be thought of as optimistic about human nature, while freud took a far more pessimistic view. Freud thought that people were born with both life instincts and death instinct. In Freud’s system, two basic drives are associated with, or are part of the life and death instincts, the sexual drive and the aggressive drive. Freud thought that the aggressive drive was not usually directed towards the person himself or herself, but as it has energy and cannot be suppressed entirely, it is normally displaced onto objects or people in the environment. Freud was quite clear that, in his view, a tendency towards aggressive or destructive behavior is a natural condition of humankind. To Rogers, there is only one motivational force behind human behavior actualizing tendency. In contrast to Freud, Rogers thought that this basic motivation is constructive, creative and positive (Tonny Merry, 2003 p 17). But Both Freud and Rogers thought that childhood events are significant in shaping our adult personalities, but whereas Freud was not optimistic about the possibilities for change and development later on in life, Rogers certainly was. For example early childhood experiences are considered very important. The single most important factor is the degree to which we experienced love and acceptance from significant others, usually our parents. Rogers thought that children need to feel unconditionally loved and valued by people who are significant and important to them. The trouble is that love can be either conditional or unconditional. If love is offered unconditionally with no strings attached, then children are able to be naturally expressive and accepting of all their feelings. Conditional love refers to love that is given only if the child behaves in approved ways, and if the child behaves in the ways that are unacceptable, then he or she risks love being withdrawn. The result is that the child begins to think of himself or herself in terms of the evaluations of others, Rogers’ phrase for this was conditions of worth, and it refers to the ways in which our self concepts are fashioned by the judgments of those around us (Tony Merry, 2003 p 23).

module 1 assignment C Essay examples

module 1 assignment C Essay examples module 1 assignment C Essay examples Module 1: TMA C Question 1 Temperature Time (Seconds) PH 10 ºc 95 7 15 ºc 65 7.2 20 ºc 42 7.1 25 ºc 30 7.4 Question 2 (a) Two sets of rats were used so there would be a control set in both parts of the experiment. The experiment was to see the effect of milk on the development of the rats. By giving one set milk for a certain amount of time then stopping the milk after 18 days and giving the same amount to the other set It was possible to control the variables that may effect the results. (b) 20 rats were used rather than two to ensure reliability of the investigation. If just 2 rats were used the end results may have been caused by another factor other than milk, such as illness of one of the rats. By using so many rats an average of the results can be calculated and therefore the end result more accurate. (c) Calcium – a mineral found in milk that is responsible for making teeth and bones. Vitamin A - a vitamin found in milk responsible immune health and for normal growth and development of body tissues. (d) Young rats were used rather than adults because this investigation was measuring an increase or decrease of mass of the rats. Young rats were going through a time of rapid development, in adults most of the growing would have already occurred and thererfore we would not have such an informed result of the effect of milk on development. (e) In previous investigations, rats that were given no milk became ill and died, the rats needed to stay alive for ethical reason, reliability and accuracy of the investigation. Switching the diets after 18 days was important for reasons such as; The rats with no milk in the first set were given milk before they died, therefore this made the full investigation possible. We can see what happens when milk is added to the previously deprived set, the rats begin to grow normally and in correlation with the set who were given milk in the first place. This adds proof that milk has an effect on growth. We can see what happens when milk is omitted from the diet, the rats stop thriving and growth rate actually drops. This adds further proof that milk has an effect on the growth and development of rats. Question 3 (a) X – Bile duct (b) B - Stomach (c) C – Pancreas (d) G – Ileum (small intestine) (e) A – Liver (f) D or F Colon (large intestine) Not clear from diagram if F is rectum or colon. Question 4 (a) 1. pancreas 2. Small intestine (b) Salivary glands and pancreas (c) ileum (d) Liver Question 5 (a) The function of the stomach is not to digest food, its fucntion is to break down food using enzymes, digestion takes place in the small intestine. â€Å"The function of the stomach is to break down food using enzymes†. (b) The small intestine doesn't actually absorb food it is here that food is absorbed. â€Å"Food

Bmw Films Case Analysis Essays

Bmw Films Case Analysis Essays Bmw Films Case Analysis Paper Bmw Films Case Analysis Paper Marketing I : Professor Ian Fenwick Marketing I : Professor Ian Fenwick | BMW Films Case Analysis| | | Chalit Borwonnauwarux D540010| | | Executive summary BMW face though competition in US market after try to improve the situation by introduce number of new model to the core series, adjust pricing so it can compete, reorganize the dealer network and introduce new series of car to the market. Now we have a chance to focus on brand campaign call â€Å"BMW films† which is very successful campaign base on number of people who visit the web site and number of people who want more information about BMW. After analyze the data I found that viable option for management should do after very successful BMW films campaign is to utilize the film more by spreading and make more people see the film. We also can make people get DVD of the film if they go to the BMW dealer and this will show how we improve our dealer. This will only last for short term since the impact will be decrease as time goes by. My purpose for long term plan is for BMW to launch new BMW 1 series, which is design to be to capture younger customers. From data of people who visit bmwfilms. om website younger generation is also interested to buy our car but they can’t because of price barrier. I want to introduce new coupe for this new market segment. BMW films Analysis In BMW films we shift from what we normally do which is push strategy to pull strategy and emprise more on what make a BMW a BMW focus on branding only. To measure it success, movie quality is not the main measure of success, I will look at it from 3 perspective viewer data, target group and brand image. In this analysis I will make Lexus and Mercedes as main competitor because from data in chart1 and Chart 2 we can see that a lot of BMW owner witch from BMW to Mercedes and they switch to buy another car not to truck or SUV that BMW didn’t have. For Lexus they are the next brand that customers of BMW switch to in luxury segment and in term of volume they are number one in this market segment. While their car are at lower price point but they triple media expenditure compare to BMW, while Mercedes is spend twice compare to BMW, try to defend and counteract to Lexus is important or otherwise Lexus brand may surpass BMW in north America too. First I will focus on data that we collected from user who watch the film from website so we can see how many people are watching each movie and then judge whether target customer, both current and prospect, is watching this film. From data in chart 3 we can see that number of user who came in and watch movie is over 9. 6 million views we also got almost 2 million visitors. The most important thing that we get from that is data for both current target market and prospect customer in the future and in that we found that around 30 percent of user who register already own luxury cars, some may argue that data that have been put in may be fake. Even so the number of data that we gather is a lot, if we cut half of them as fake, we still get one million prospect customers and we get 300 thousand luxury car owners. We got around 1. 2 million user who want email update and if we run campaign again this group will also tell their friends about that ,if manage well, they may turn in to brand ambassador protect BMW brand. Another way to make sure accuracy of data is to cross check name and address with current BMW customer database and see how many of them are match. This campaign may attracts younger audience the average age is only 31 compare to average age of BMW owner which is 46 years old and have less average income only 88,000 compare to 150,000 but one thing that you need to keep in mind is most of BMW owner when they want to buy new car they still prefer BMW if we can persuade younger generation to buy BMW 3-series as their first car there are very high chance that they will upgrade to BMW 5 series and 7 series when their salaries increase especially since we have broader type of car to answer different need of customers that’s very profitable when we look at customer lifetime value to company. Attracting younger customer also help us improve brand image compare to competitor. From data (Chart 4) we can see that BMW driver are younger compare to main competitor, such as Lexus and Mercedes, if we can make BMW brand attach with â€Å"young â€Å" and then make other competitor brand look old this will help to attract more younger customer and make them commit to use BMW for the rest of their life. Another thing that we can see from BMW customer base is while average ages of BMW owner are younger but their average incomes are higher we make people remember that BMW is the car for â€Å"highly educate, bright, affluent person who want to have a great driving experience†. If we can own that position which utilize BMW strong point as â€Å"Ultimate driving machine† then push other competitor to â€Å"car for boring and old people†. This campaign also improve brand image by reduce bad thing that associate with BMW brand such as â€Å"Status symbol, Yuppie-Machine† and also stress what BMW is all about â€Å"amazing performance† and try something new and exciting. This show people what make a BMW a BMW which is the main purpose of this campaign. From all reason above I think this campaign is successfully improving brand image of BMW and since target customer of BMW in another part of the world is almost the same we can use this movie to another part of the world. The effect may be not as successful as original one because we lose element of due to the internet age some may already watch movie via internet. It may not be as effective but since we already paid for the cost of production if it improve brand image we can utilize it more without any drawback. Some may argue that movie from America may not suitable for European or Asia but most of blockbuster movie also came from US not just that all movie critics were very positive about our films. One thing that we need to adjust is to make it more effective we should select only 3 films that have high positive impact on our brand then we need to add subtitle to make sure that peoples in each continent, which use different language, understand what movie is all about. We should run campaign to draw people to the BMW website in each continent then make them register their data to the website the same way that we do it in America. BMW owner demographic is different compare to main competitors such as Mercedes and Lexus. BMW owner are male, the same as our main competitor, but average age is lower compare to others (chart4). Median income is higher compare to Lexus customer base but lower than Mercedes. When we compare that demographic to data of people that watch BMW films we can see that viewer are younger and have lower median income this could be one of the opportunity of BMW. - BMW target is different from competitors, not just in term of demographic, in term of positioning. Mercedes are focus on classic prestige luxury and status, more comfortable and more conservative the same go for Lexus. BMW though we focus on driving experience car shouldn’t be just the tools to move you to point a to point b but experience in between BMW slogan as â€Å"ultimate driving machine† said it all. Evaluate options Before we decide what we want to do next I would like to go through each option strength and weakness of each option separately 1st Option: making existing five movies available for wider audience. We can make full length version of the existing movie in DVD and distribute it for people who come and test or buy any BMW car this will draw people to come to dealership and try our car. Another thing we can do is distribute this movie to every BMW customers who have owned BMW before and from record we didn’t see them bring their car for the routine checkup and didn’t buy any new BMW this can interpret that they already sold car and didn’t buy new BMW as their new car. We can use that movie to impress them with what BMW is all about and how we improve. Final group that we can send DVD to is current BMW owner who have come to checkup in the last 6 month to show them the new version of the car and remind them that if they want to buy a new car BMW is still a great choice. Strength 1. This will fully utilize money that we already spend on the movie. 2. Draw people to the showroom which increase chance of sell 3. Improve BMW brand image by remind people who never watch BMW films before what make a BMW a BMW improve our brand image. 4. Make people who may use to own BMW but switch to another brand to re-consider BMW next time they buy new car. Weakness . A lot of current BMW owner or used to own BMW may already see that movie so this DVD may not have any impact at all on brand image. 2. Some who switch to another brand may be because of another reason that didn’t about brand image such as quality of dealer and/or price this campaign isn’t help to improve anything. 3. We didn’t emphasize on improvement that we make a t all. Since we have improve a lot of thing from number of new model in core series to new series especially on pricing strategy and dealer which may be more important factor for a lot of people compare to just brand image alone. nd Option: Develop more short films, all featuring same lead actors. Since a lot of people who watch the film tell us that they want more this type of short films and the movie is help improve BMW brand image. While some may argue that we look like we repeating ourselves. We can build another 5 films and then we can distribute it as â€Å"collectors set† Strength: 1. We build on something that proves work last time around. This time more people may want to see it since last one is love by critics. 2. If we build different type of movies not only just action film we may draw new group of customer who never watch the first batch of movies. Weakness: 1. Since competitor will copy our success, impact of the new film will be a lot less because we lose element of surprise that we got from the first movie plus another will copy it so people may see new movie and look down on it. This may have bad impact on brand image. 2. Amount of money that we need to invest in this new movie will be high, may be higher because we need to improve from the first one. We will need to decrease normal advertising which will be used to introduce new model to people. Trade off will be hard to justify since impact of campaign will be reduce. We also need money to introduce a lot of model that will be launch. If we reduce money that use to make new movie the impact of the movie will be reverse now BMW brand may look cheap not luxuries. 3rd Option: Develop a feature-length movie and air in theatres around country. Strength: 1. Brand awareness that we will get from movie will be very high since this movie will be air around country and BMW will be the first brand who do something like this. All of the buzz will be belong to BMW and tell customer what make a BMW a BMW. Weakness: . Cost to do full feature-length film will be very high and this is not counting cost of promoting the film properly, cost of make BMW films available in movie theater all across country. While another film can charge full ticket price but this film since a lot of people will know that it is came from BMW it will be hard to ask for audience to pay full price for movie that want to show a car. With very high cost we can’t just share it with nor mal marketing budget it won’t be enough or you will need to use all budget for the movie alone. You will need a lot of sales to support that amount of spending which I don’t think it will increase that much. 2. With another brand launch short films, people may be bored with this type of tactics and make not that much improvement in brand image. 4th Option: move to the next thing While this option may be look like it is more risky but it’s show that BMW as a brand is not just an boring brand but a brand who always defined what can be done which show both in the BMW car and way we market them. Recommendations My recommendation is to use option 1 to spread out movie to draw customer to a improve dealer and see what BMW car really all about but also use option 4 Move to the next thing done something that hasn’t been done before in the long run I select option 1 at the beginning because it can be done very fast and almost without any draw back but it cannot work in the long run. Most people who want to see the movie will see it already. How can we make a progress from this very good brand image? We need to make sure that we communicate to more people what make BMW a BMW It’s something that consistent with our brand image. We can’t just do the same thing over and over again then call our brand â€Å"exciting edgier and youthful† it is inconsistency which bad for BMW brand image. Especially when your target is highly-educated, bright and affluent person they will see that BMW is about doing the same thing which is not what we want to do. Let others do it make competitor follow us that way our brand look like leader not a follower the same for BMW owners. From demographic of people who watch BMW films we can see that the average age is younger and because of that their average salary is lower. I saw this as an opportunity to make them BMW owners. Now they want to own BMW but they can’t, they have to buy from other brand which mean we loss customers not only for that car but it’s possible that we may lost that customer forever. From data we know that most of BMW owner will stick with BMW I would like to make an entry level car for customers who want a driving experience which they cannot get from other car in the market. We can show that BMW can do something that other can’t, we will make new coupe for young manager who want to experience the â€Å"ultimate driving experience† that other cannot give them. Price of this new car which I will call it â€Å"BMW 1-series†, the smallest car BMW will ever make, the base car will be the same as competitors while we can add another optional extra to increase on the road price of the car. Currently (in 2002) Lexus still didn’t have coupe car and Mercedes A-class isn’t well accepted since they have problem about the car will be overturn when you change direction so suddenly (eventually they have to recall). We will start new category which is luxury sport coupe and make it work this time. We can make profit from this car because of additional extra normally are fitted to another BMW, we don’t need money to develop new technology for that. Another thing that we can do the sport version like BMW M1 which will show if you willing to pay more how much faster you can go compare to normal version. This will make profit especially when we look at life time value of customer when they age is increasing their salary will be increase too. They will move from 1-series to 3-series and then when they have family they can move to BMW X5. The new BMW 1-series must be represent what BMW is all about â€Å"what make a BMW a BMW†. When other coupe are focus on folding seat and space inside car, BMW 1-series while we still need to have folding seat but main focus will be on the driving experience. Normally in Japanese or European coupe are front wheel drives which make driving is boring. BMW 1-series should be rear wheel drive and have higher horse power compare to competitors. We can advertise this car as a ultimate driving coupe, the only coupe that care about how you get to the place you want to go. Not just that but we still need to focus on another part which we still need to focus on it is luxuries. This is not easy we need to control cost to make the price low enough so it’s lower than BMW 3 series but still have performance and luxuries that consistent with BMW brand image. To make a car more luxury we didn’t have to put everything in a car what we need to do is put something that make a car more civilize such as good air-conditioner and radio as a standard we didn’t have to put something that customer in this market segment is consider important such as vibrate seat or cruise control as standard. We still have all of that option as optional extra if customer want it you can add it to car at a price. Some may argue that BMW series 1 will reduce prestige of BMW brand and that happen to Mercedes when they launch the A-Class. We can prevent that by make sure that the new BMW 1 series meet the standard that our brand has been doing all along. Start from the look and feel of the car, it still need to look sport that’s the reason why I am focus on coupe instead of hatch back which have image of cheap car. Another thing that shouldn’t be forgot is the build quality including quality of material that we use in the car from plastic console to rubber seal that use to make sure that noise from outside won’t come in to the car. If we do it properly consistent with our brand value we will improve our image since we can do something that our competitor can’t. We introduce â€Å"ultimate driving experience† to more people and we do that in the price that younger generation can’t resist. Another argument that may arise is this new BMW 1 series cannibalize 3 series. They won’t because the difference is not only price but it is also difference in size and power. If you want to buy mid-size sedan, which what 3 series is in, you can’t buy BMW 1 series since it’s smaller and power that it have also lower too. Since 1 series design as a coupe you will only get 2 seat not four it is more suitable for young people who still didn’t have children which from average age of bmwfilms. com visitor profile there will be market for this car that is not cannibalize BMW 3 series. Some may ask how about Z3 roadster is this new 1 series cannibalize it that is impossible because of price different and Z3 is a roadster which have different target customer. Exhibits Chart 1 : BMW Defection to all makes (4Q,2000) Chart 2 : BMW Defection to competition in luxury segment (4Q,2000) Chart 3 : BMWfilms. com visitor profile Median Income| $ 88,000| Total Visitors register| 1,981,049| Opted in for email update| 1,170,953| Voluntarily responded to survey | 41,411| Recommended films to others| 94%| Want to see more films| 88%| Chart 4 : BMW customer base Vs the competition

Making Decisions Based on Demand and Forecasting Research Paper - 1

Making Decisions Based on Demand and Forecasting - Research Paper Example The year 2000 census established that whites form the majority of the population followed by the African Americans in Chesapeake, Virginia. It is an extremely economically vibrant city with a lot of business opportunities. The City’s economic status means that the per capita earnings of the population are fairly good and promotes the service and commodity industries because the population has more purchasing power (United States Bureau of the Statistics, 2001). With only a small percentage of the entire population living below the poverty line and the majority of those above this line being between the ages of 15 and 35 years, it makes the city an unusually favorable place for business opportunities. The population of Chesapeake as of the year 2010 was 222,209 people with the majority of this population earning between 60,000 -100,000 thousand US Dollars annually (United States Bureau of the Census, 2006). The age that is associated with pizza or is pizza tolerant also happens to be the majority age group of between 10 and 40 years. The cost of living is high, which means that the prices here are relatively higher as compared to other cities. This is brought about by the economic stability of this Region: The rental prices are relatively cheap and the city’s security is conducive for businesses and their clients. The use of demand and forecasting, in making business decisions, is a wise tool to choose because it relies on facts on the ground to make predictions about the suitability of an event in the future or the present (United States Bureau of Economics, 2006). Estimated regression is a mathematical principle used in this process, and it uses this formula;  = a + bx with y and x being the two variables under consideration. They determine the suitability of the future conditions or circumstances that will prevail in relation to the business. The variables x is used to predict the outcome, which is represented by y. The coefficient of

Tort law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tort law - Essay Example Basically, a tort law can be described as a civil wrong not arising from a contract and in the case of negligence, one should owe due consideration to one’s neighbour (Capiro Industries vs. Dickman 1990). It generally refers to the duty of care owed by somebody to his or her neighbour. Cooke (2010) suggests that in the event that it can be proved beyond any reasonable doubt by the court that the plaintiff has suffered a civil injustice, a claim can be raised and a remedy in the form of compensation can be instituted. On the other hand, negligence can be described as a civil wrong arising from the act of negligence by doing something a reasonable man would not do and a plaintiff must prove that the defendant owes a duty of care (Donoghue V. Stevenson 1932). It is of paramount importance for the plaintiff to be able to prove that the defendant had duty to take care of and that duty of care has been breached in order to win the claim. In order to prove the existence of day care d uty, some conditions should prevail where a defendant can be taken to task if this duty is breached. Under the case of Capiro Industries vs. ... In the above case of Ultramares Corporation v Touche (1931) 255 NY 170), the facts are: Justice Cardozo created a special rule with regards to accountants and auditors. He suggested that mass liability should not exist but that only the client and the intended third party could hold an accountant liable for the accountant's negligence (Wegman 2007). Thus the court must be careful especially when it comes to establish negligence in the case involving an unmarked amount of money for an unfixed time with regards to an indefinite third part. An accountant can facilitate a loan transaction between a financial institution and a third party and in this case, only the financial institution and the third party can hold the accountant liable in the event of losses as a result of negligence. In this case, negligence is a common form of tort law which can be punishable if carelessness is proved and the victim will be entitled to get compensation. Failure to protect others from harm as a result o f somebody’s conduct is known as negligence whereby a duty care will have been ignored. From the above explanation of tort, it is clear that the accountant in this particular case has a duty care to make sure that their actions do result in financial losses to the client or the other third party which can be the plaintiff. With regards to this normal test, it does not always follow that duty care is owed by the third party which may result in loss of something which requires the plaintiff to prove that the resultant loss has been a result of the action of the accountant. In the case of Paris v Stepney Borough Council (1951) the editor of Salmond on the Law