Marijuana as a Subculture Essay -- expository essay

A subculture is a group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs and behaviors that differ in some significant way from that of larger society. Marijuana smokers can be considered a subculture for many reasons. Marijuana is used by millions of people around the world, either for recreational, spiritual, or therapeutic reasons. Some call themselves the cannabis connoisseurs; people who respect cannabis and use it responsibly. Few drugs have been so politicized recently as marijuana has. It is frequently praised by one side and condemned by the other, on the basis of emotional issues rather than an objective view of research. It was 1920 when smoking began to catch on in the United States. Its recreational use was restricted to jazz musicians and people in show business. â€Å"Reefer songs† became the rage of the jazz world. Marijuana clubs, called tea pads, appeared in every major city across the country. Authorities tolerated these establishments because it was not illegal or considered a social threat. In the early 1930’s marijuana became stereotyped as a violent drug, and by 1936 was illegal in all states. Marijuana research was at a stand still and the thought of it being a violent drug faded and the idea that it was a gateway drug emerged in the late 1940’s early 1950’s. In the 1960’s marijuana became very popular among the young college crowd. This was looked at as a challenge to authority and the government. The effects of marijuana are minimal. The high has a feeling of euphoria, peacefulness and well-being. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active chemical in marijuana. It’s estimated that a person would have to ingest a dose 20,000 to 40,000 times the average dose before death would occur. In the early 1990’s sophisticated research on marijuana began. The scientists discovered THC stimulates special receptors in the brain. Researchers have now isolated a natural substance that appears to produce the same effects as THC in the brain. Recently the medical uses of marijuana are being more and more accepted, and many marijuana smokers wonder how it can be harmful if it helps/treats patients. Marijuana smokers are a subculture because they share sets of beliefs, values, language, and other things that are different from the views of the larger society. They look at things another way because they are pro marijuana, which differs from t... ... believes this to be very true. But the smokers do not want to be associated with the â€Å"pothead† stereotype. They want very much to destroy the connection of marijuana with the tie-dyed, hippy era. Society just assumes smokers are useless, lazy, uneducated bums; which is very inaccurate. There are many hard working people out there that smoke marijuana recreationally to relieve stress. First, this cannot be true because there are an inestimable amount of marijuana smokers that successfully keep their habit a secret. These people are able to blend with society, allowing them to make friends/acquaintances that don’t agree with smoking marijuana. People who use marijuana do not look negatively upon the rest of society. They relate and form bonds with the whole culture as normal people would. Marijuana smokers are a subculture for the reasons previously described above. They share a different set of values, beliefs, and etc. from the rest of society. For example, they have their own terms that describe their practices. They don’t mind society but part of society minds them, maybe one day marijuana use won’t be as frowned upon. All of these things make marijuana smokers a subculture. Marijuana as a Subculture Essay -- expository essay A subculture is a group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs and behaviors that differ in some significant way from that of larger society. Marijuana smokers can be considered a subculture for many reasons. Marijuana is used by millions of people around the world, either for recreational, spiritual, or therapeutic reasons. Some call themselves the cannabis connoisseurs; people who respect cannabis and use it responsibly. Few drugs have been so politicized recently as marijuana has. It is frequently praised by one side and condemned by the other, on the basis of emotional issues rather than an objective view of research. It was 1920 when smoking began to catch on in the United States. Its recreational use was restricted to jazz musicians and people in show business. â€Å"Reefer songs† became the rage of the jazz world. Marijuana clubs, called tea pads, appeared in every major city across the country. Authorities tolerated these establishments because it was not illegal or considered a social threat. In the early 1930’s marijuana became stereotyped as a violent drug, and by 1936 was illegal in all states. Marijuana research was at a stand still and the thought of it being a violent drug faded and the idea that it was a gateway drug emerged in the late 1940’s early 1950’s. In the 1960’s marijuana became very popular among the young college crowd. This was looked at as a challenge to authority and the government. The effects of marijuana are minimal. The high has a feeling of euphoria, peacefulness and well-being. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active chemical in marijuana. It’s estimated that a person would have to ingest a dose 20,000 to 40,000 times the average dose before death would occur. In the early 1990’s sophisticated research on marijuana began. The scientists discovered THC stimulates special receptors in the brain. Researchers have now isolated a natural substance that appears to produce the same effects as THC in the brain. Recently the medical uses of marijuana are being more and more accepted, and many marijuana smokers wonder how it can be harmful if it helps/treats patients. Marijuana smokers are a subculture because they share sets of beliefs, values, language, and other things that are different from the views of the larger society. They look at things another way because they are pro marijuana, which differs from t... ... believes this to be very true. But the smokers do not want to be associated with the â€Å"pothead† stereotype. They want very much to destroy the connection of marijuana with the tie-dyed, hippy era. Society just assumes smokers are useless, lazy, uneducated bums; which is very inaccurate. There are many hard working people out there that smoke marijuana recreationally to relieve stress. First, this cannot be true because there are an inestimable amount of marijuana smokers that successfully keep their habit a secret. These people are able to blend with society, allowing them to make friends/acquaintances that don’t agree with smoking marijuana. People who use marijuana do not look negatively upon the rest of society. They relate and form bonds with the whole culture as normal people would. Marijuana smokers are a subculture for the reasons previously described above. They share a different set of values, beliefs, and etc. from the rest of society. For example, they have their own terms that describe their practices. They don’t mind society but part of society minds them, maybe one day marijuana use won’t be as frowned upon. All of these things make marijuana smokers a subculture.

Brave New World Double Entry Journals Essay

It was because about 3 centuries ago all classes of people were conditioned to like nature and transportation but that meant on the weekend they were unproductive so now they are conditioned to like transportation and country sports, which means they still consume transportation. | Pg. 30 â€Å"Human beings used to be. † he hesitated; the blood rushed to his cheeks. â€Å"Well, they used to be viviparous. †| What does viviparous mean? The context of it in the book seems to be like a bad word would be today to say. After this line it says â€Å"Born†. Viviparous: (of an animal) Bringing forth live young that have developed inside the body of the parent. (Dictionary. com) I was right it meant to have kids, BNW people are so used to babies being hatched and don’t know what it’s like for someone to give birth. | Pg. 32 â€Å"Moral education, which ought never, in any circumstances, to be rational. †| The D. H. C. expresses the idea that moral education is accepted in the society. However, those morals are determined by ‘The World Controllers’. Reasoning, fate, or God do not play a role in moral education. Nothing is to ever be based on proper reasoning and especially emotion. | Pg. 34. â€Å"Till at last the child’s mind is these suggestions, and the sum of the suggestions is the child’s mind. And not the child’s mind only. The adult’s mind too all his life long. The mind that judges and desires and decides- made up of these suggestions. But all these suggestions are our suggestions! † The Director almost shouted in his triumph. â€Å"Suggestions from the State. †| Everything the people think or want to do is from the state. People can’t/aren’t allowed to think for their self’s. They are told what they do and don’t like. The Director seems very proud about how the state can decide on what the kids are to know/learn. If you think about it closely this is almost done in today’s society. Schools are all regulated per region in the world and things are chosen on what kids should learn, and what is morally right/wrong. | Pg. 35 â€Å"Nowadays the Controllers won’t approve of any new game unless it can be shown that it requires at least as much apparatus as the most complicated of existing games. †| Why would the controllers not allow a game that is simpler than any current games? All games must be more complex in how it works than current ones to be approved. Is this done to make people who invent things to think harder too make it more complex that in turn, the people are thinking harder and able to hopefully produce better things for the society? | Pg. 35 â€Å"Two children, a little boy of about seven and a little girl who might have been a year older, were playing, very gravely and with all the focused attention of scientists intent on a labor of discovery, a rudimentary sexual game. â€Å"Charming, charming! † the D. H. C. repeated sentimentally. | Is it just me or is it weird that the society pushes promiscuously on kids age 7 and 8. Also the director seems to enjoy watching the two kids erotic behavior. | Pg. 35 â€Å"This little boy seems rather reluctant to join in the ordinary erotic play. †¦.. â€Å"And so,† she went on, turning back to the Director, â€Å"I’m taking him in to see the Assistant Superintendent of Psychol ogy. Just to see if anything’s at all abnormal. †| Maybe there isn’t anything wrong with the boy, BNW society is basically forcing little kids to explore/have sex with each other. What can the superintendent of psychology tell you other than that the kid doesn’t ant too have sex. It is also creepy that they all look the exact same. | Pg. 39 â€Å"Our Ford’s: History is bunk. History,† he repeated slowly, â€Å"is bunk. †Ã¢â‚¬  | I know in real life Henry Ford said something along those lines; â€Å"†History is more or less bunk. It’s tradition. We don’t want tradition. We want to live in the present, and the only history that is worth a tinker’s damn is the history that we make today. † (Chicago Tribune, 1916). | Pg. 41 â€Å"I’ve been feeling rather out of sorts lately,† Fanny explained. â€Å"Dr. Wells advised me to have a Pregnancy Substitute. â€Å"But, my dear, you’re only nineteen. The first Pregnancy Substitute isn’t compulsory till twenty-one. †| Since no one in the society has children it seems as though once each female turns 21 they have a pregnancy substitute to mimic pregnancy. This is maybe done so no one has an odd urge to have a baby. | Pg. 42 â€Å"Again? † Fanny’s kind, rather moon-like face took on an incongruous expression of pained and disapproving astonishment. â€Å"Do you mean to tell me you’re still going out with Henry Foster? †| In the society it seems like a very big disapproval of people especially to date/marry. People are only supposed to go out together one night, have sex, and be done with each other that is why Fanny is questioning Lenina. | Pg. 45 â€Å"After all, every one belongs to every one else. †| This keeps coming up throughout the book that after all everyone (belongs/works) to/for everyone else. The society here shows that they believe everyone is equal. Why would they make differ class groups for the society? | Pg. 47 â€Å"They say somebody made a mistake when he was still in the bottle-thought he was a Gamma and put alcohol into his blood-surrogate. That’s why he’s so stunted. | So in the BNW society to stunt the growth and brainpower of select groups they put alcohol into the blood that is transferred over the embryo to stunt the growth. In today’s time research has been shown that if you drink alcohol when pregnant a baby can be born with birth defects or have a mentally disorder. | Pg. 48 â€Å"The Nine Years’ War began in A. F. 141. à ¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. â€Å"The Nine Years’ War, the great Economic Collapse. There was a choice between world Control and destruction. Between stability and . †| It can be inferred that the conflict broke out in Europe, affected most of the planet, and caused massive physical damage. It is repeatedly stated that chemical and biological weapons were used during the war, particularly in mass air-raids against cities. Following the war, the global economy collapsed and created an unprecedented worldwide economic crisis. The new world leaders tried to forcibly impose their new ideologies on Earth’s populations. This met with widespread resistance, including large-scale riots. Realizing that they could not force people to adopt the new lifestyle, the World Controllers instead united the planet into the One World State and began a peaceful campaign of change. This campaign included the closing of museums, the suppression of almost all literature published before 2058, and the destruction of the few historical world monuments that had survived the war. | Pg. 51 â€Å"Ending is better than mending† | There are many meanings to this statement. One could be the clear one that when you have an old pair of clothes to throw it out instead of trying to fix it. This helps the BNW economy by people always spending money to buy new clothes. A second point I took from this quote was with the ‘Nine Years War’ that it was better to end and restart how the world worked than trying to reorganize the planet and trying to pick up from where we were before the war. | Pg. 51 â€Å"The introduction of Our Ford’s first T-Model . †| At first I thought their god/creator was some guy named Ford but now I’m peaty sure Huxley implies that it is Henry Ford. I stated this because Ford’s first model of car he made was called the T-Model. (Wikipedia) | Pg. 64 â€Å"It’s not enough for the phrases to be good; what you make with them ought to be good too. | He is telling him that it doesn’t matter if the phrases are good it’s how you make them good. He is implying the idea of using your mind and not what is given to you. Future Rebel? | Pg. 67 â€Å"Fine to think we can go on being socially useful even after we’re dead. Making plants grow. †| Even after your dead th e society still uses you for it’s personal gain they take your body and it’s turned into fertilizer for crops to grow!!! | Pg. 75 â€Å"Orgy-porgy, Ford and fun,Kiss the girls and make them One. Boys at one with girls at peace;Orgy-porgy gives release. †| This is talking about and orgy. The last stanza of â€Å"orgy-porgy gives release† as the violent passion surrogate, the surrogate pregnancy and the soma, is a sign that the World State has not been able to completely annihilate from human nature. There is still some need for liberation, a need to experience strong emotions that have not been completely wiped out through conditioning. Solidarity Service is one of many mechanisms used to channel state of the excitement, so that they present no threat to state power. | Pg. 77 â€Å"Not more than half a dozen people in the whole Centre had ever been inside a Savage Reservation. As an Alpha-Plus psychologist, Bernard was one of the few men she knew entitled to a permit. For Lenina, the opportunity was unique. †| What is a savage reservation? Is it an area where they keep a group of normal people like you and me in today’s time? In case something goes wrong or for emergencies they can have back up DNA. | Pg. 78 â€Å"â€Å"In a crowd,† he grumbled. â€Å"As usual. † He remained obstinately gloomy the whole afternoon; wouldn’t talk to Lenina’s friends (of whom they met dozens in the ice-cream soma bar between the wrestling bouts)†| It seems like people in BNW like too be in crowds and together. But Bernard seems like the only person who doesn’t like to be with groups of people. Is this because of something going wrong when he was in a test tube? | Pg. 84 â€Å"Don’t imagine,† he said, â€Å"that I’d had any indecorous relation with the girl. Nothing emotional, nothing long-drawn. †| The director is thinking that Bernard is thinking the director had more than a sexual relationship with the women he brought to the reserve, which is against BNW rules in the society because after all everyone belongs to everyone. Pg. 88 â€Å"Five hundred and sixty thousand square kilometers, divided into four distinct Sub-Reservations, each surrounded by a high-tension wire fence. †| Why would the reservations have to be subdivided and need for instant death electric fences? Maybe each reserve has a different race and they want each race to be separate and to protect their own traditions and culture. It is maybe also for science to not be able to get i n to the people in the reserves. |

Spanish Word Order in Forming Sentences

Compared with English, Spanish allows considerable latitude in the word order of sentences. Whereas in English, most simple sentences are formed in the pattern of subject, verb, then object, in Spanish any one of those sentence parts can come first. Word Order in Simple Spanish Statements As a general rule, it is almost never wrong to follow the common sentence structure of subject-verb-object (known to grammarians as SVO). Note,however, that in Spanish it also common for object pronouns to come before verbs or be attached to them if the verb is an infinitive or command. But while English allows variation primarily for questions and poetic effect, in Spanish ordinary statements can start with the subject, the verb or the object. In fact, starting a statement with the verb is very common. For example, all the following sentence constructions are possible as a translation of Diana wrote this novel: Diana escribià ³ esta novela. (Subject comes first.)Escribià ³ Diana esta novela. (Verb comes first.)Esta novela la escribià ³ Diana. (Object comes first. In this construction, an object pronoun is often added to help avoid ambiguity. This sentence order is far less common than the first two.) So do all those sentences mean the same thing? Yes and no. The difference is subtle (in fact, sometimes there is no substantive difference), but the choice of wording can be a matter of emphasis rather than something that might come across in a translation. In spoken English, such differences are often a matter of intonation (which also occurs in Spanish); in written English we sometimes use italics to indicate emphasis. In the first sentence, for example, the emphasis is on Diana: Diana wrote this novel. Perhaps the speaker is expressing surprise or pride about Dianas accomplishment. In the second sentence the emphasis is on the writing: Diana wrote this novel. (Perhaps a better example might be something like this: No pueden escribir los alumnos de su clase. The students in his class cant write.) In the final example, the emphasis is on what Diana wrote: Diana wrote this novel. Word Order in Simple Spanish Questions In Spanish questions, the subject almost always comes after the verb.  ¿Escribià ³ Diana esta novela? (Did Diana write this novel?)  ¿Quà © escribià ³ Diana? (What did Diana write?) Although it is possible in informal speech to phrase a question like a statement as can be done in English —  ¿Diana escribià ³ esta novela? Diana wrote this novel? — this is seldom done in writing. Omitting the Subject in Spanish Although in standard English the subject of a sentence can be omitted only in commands, in Spanish the subject can be omitted if it is understood from the context. See how the subject can be omitted in the second sentence here because the first subject provides the context. Diana es mi hija. Escribià ³ esta novela. (Diana is my daughter. She wrote this novel.) In other words, it is not necessary in the second sentence to provide ella, the word for she. Word Order in Sentences Including a Relative Clause A common word order that may seem unfamiliar to English speakers involves subjects include a relative clause—a sentence fragment that includes a noun and verb and typically begins with a relative pronoun such as that or which in English or que in Spanish. Spanish speakers tend to avoid placing verbs far away from the subject, forcing them to invert the subject-verb order. The tendency can best be explained with an example: English: A cellphone that I had in order to make videos disappeared. (The subject of his sentence is cellphone, which is described by that I had in order to make videos. This sentence may seem somewhat awkward in English because of so many intervening words between the subject and verb, but there is no way to avoid the problem without making an even clumsier sentence.)Spanish: Desaparecià ³ un mà ³vil que yo tenà ­a para realizar và ­deos. (By putting the verb, desparecià ³, first, it can come next to un mà ³vil. Although it would be possible to roughly follow the English word order here, doing so would seem awkward at best to a native speaker.) Here are three more examples that use similar patterns. The sentence subjects and verbs are in boldface to show how they are closer in Spanish: Ganà ³ el equipo que lo merecià ³. (The team that deserved it won.)Obtienen trabajo las personas que ya muchos aà ±os de experiencia laboral. (Persons who already have many years of work experience get jobs.)Pierden peso los que disfrutan de correr. (Those who like to run lose weight.) Key Takeaways A subject-verb-object word order is usual in both Spanish and English simple statements, but Spanish speakers are more likely to modify the word order as a way of changing emphasis.In both English and Spanish questions, the verb typically comes before the subject.Spanish speakers often place the verb of a sentence first when the subject includes a relative clause.

Voice, By James Tate State s Style And Voice Serve As A...

Voice is an element in poetry easy to grasp, but difficult to master. For example, it is easy to create a voice within a poem. However, it is arduous to create a voice in a poem that is meaningful. An important voice pays attention to sound diction as well as tone in a poem. Prominent poet James Tate state’s â€Å"Style and Voice serve as a means of seduction.† (Introduction Page 17) In Milosz’s poem â€Å"Ars Poetica† Milosz comments on the presentation of voice in a poem stating, â€Å"A poem should not mean But be.† In my second poem, â€Å"Arctic Fox† I followed Miloz’s advice by paying extensive detail given to how the poem. With lines such as â€Å"the icy wind yanks my fur frigid green spines surrounds me coating the gray abyss,† it is evident this poem plays close attention to the foundations of voice in the poem. Attention to diction, tone and sound are elements of poetry vital to voice. In James State â€Å"Introducti on† Tate states the poet reaches his or her discovery on putting language on edge,† (Introduction page 18). Tate stresses the importance of diction through this statement as if you don’t play with a poem’s language, what will the poet discover. For example, if one’s poetry lacks quality language, the poem’s voice will often be affected in a detrimental way. If a poem consists of ‘bad’ wording, a reader will often be turned off by the presence of such diction, and as a result, the poem meaning may have less of an impact on the reader. In each of my poem’s I attempt to play

The Addictive Draw to Tattoos Essay - 1508 Words

Tattoos have become more prevalent in our society over the last few decades. What used to be a social faux pa or a negative brand has come to be a more acceptable life choice in our culture. However, only those who have joined the inked-up club can describe the sensation of modifying one’s body with art. From the pain and tantric feeling from the stinging that is released as a person allows themselves to be marked for the rest of their life, and the hot pierce of the needle that gives a sensation of feeling alive and the desire to do this again. Tattoos have become a major social focus today, so the psychology behind their popularity warrants discussion. Ultimately, people who get tattoos yearn for individual expression through artwork,†¦show more content†¦152). As ridiculous as this sounds, this person’s body reveals what he believes about himself, or at least what he wants to believe about himself. Finally, there is the interesting fact was the reason most military recruits gave (seventy-six percent according to the article): the common quote gave by the recruits was â€Å"be myself, I don’t need to impress people anymore† (Armstrong, et al â€Å"College Tattoos: More Than Skin Deep† 318). In the same regard she mentions a common response from all of the college students, as forty-eight percent of them â€Å"just wanted one† (318). These statements simply show us that very little thought is required to know that we are, somehow, supposed to be different. There is no doubt that the desire for many people to express individualism, by way of body art, is powerful indeed. (Paragraph by Nicholas Porter) Receiving tattoos indeed has a personal mystique and is connected to our desire to explore how we â€Å"fit† in this world. Yes, we live in a world where people have a desire to â€Å"stand out† as individuals, however, we also have a sense of belonging amongst our peers, involving a broader range of social classes (Demello). HERE, YOU NEED MORE RESEARCH ABOUT HOW TATTOOS INDICATE BELONGING. LOOK AT GROUPS WHO ENCOURAGE TATTOOS AS A RITE OF PASSAGE. LOOK AT GROUPS WHO IMPLICITLY â€Å"REQUIRE† TATTOOS FOR â€Å"MEMBERSHIP† INTO THE GROUP. THEN, TRANSITION TO THE NEXT POINT, WHICH IS THAT SUCH A NEED FOR BELONGING, ETC. HAS EXISTED FOR CENTURIES.Show MoreRelatedImplementing A College Student Discount Of 10 % On All Purchases With A Valid College Id Essay2266 Words   |  10 Pagessuggest the implementation of a loyalty rewards program in which every service purchased by a consumer results in a punch on a loyalty card. After 4 purchases of a tattoo or pi ercing, the customer gets their 5th tattoo or piercing 50% off. Because tattooing and piercing is viewed as an addictive habit, and the majority of individuals with tattoos and piercings have multiple, this rewards program can serve as a way to increase customer loyalty and keep customers from traveling to competitors for their secondRead MoreInvestigative Report of Internet Addiction3641 Words   |  15 Pagessmoking addiction, however, there are a couple of reasons that are obvious for some addicts: * The power of instant access to all sorts of information and all kinds of people is a positive that can be overused. * A different kind of community that can draw people who tend to shy out in the real world because this new virtual community does not require the social skill that real life does, all you have to do is be good on the keyboard. * Adopting new personas and playing your favorite kind of personalityRead MoreStarbucks - Marketing Plan Essay5753 Words   |  24 Pagesbrand. Many consumers go through these subconscious decisions on a regular basis. With something as common as caffeinated drinks, consumers ultimately choose Starbucks because they get a feel of personalization. There are two primary phenomenon that draw consumers to a Starbucks store. One is that that can customize the coffee to the exact way they prefer. Second, every time they go to any of the store locations they frequent, the barista seems to know the coffee they prefer. Schultz confirms thatRead More Corporate Sponsored Education: The Limits Of Social Responsibility3303 Words   |  14 Pagesdiscussed. If corporations are permitted untrammeled access to schools, social views may become one-dimensional. Economic salvation would effectively trade on the moral failure of schools. The familiar debate over corporate social responsibility draws against the classical view of Milton Friedman that the sole responsibility of corporations is to its stockholders. This narrow view eschews corporate social responsibility for the maximization of profits whereby society would be the indirect beneficiary

Behavior Perspective Insider And Outsider †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Behavior Perspective Insider And Outsider? Answer: Introducation Organizational behaviour is the application or study which execute within the business to know that how people will act with others. It is considered as the human tool for the benefits of human. It keeps huge importance in the business because due to OB, both managers and employees come to know that what people behave the way they do. It has several theories which will be helpful to enhance the productivity of the employee and the job satisfaction. This essay will reflect the discussion about the relevancy of the organization man in todays business. There are several contemporary theories and concepts of organizational behaviour. Expectancy theory, equity theory, attribution theory, goal-setting theory and reinforcement theory are some theories which can be used to motivate employees to accomplish the work. In the book of the organization man, a key point was made that people became convinced that in comparison of an individual, group could take better decision (Colquitt, Lepine, Wesson, and Gellatly, 2011). The base of equity theory is based on assumption that people want to be treated fairly. Attribution theory refers to the process and responsibilities based on which people interpret the cause of their behaviors to others. Goal setting theory defines that if goal and objective of the organization is established for an individual, the employee of the company will be motivated to achieve them. It is the theory which enhances the productivity of those employees who are having challenging task in comparison of easy task. Reinforc ement theory consists with positive and negative reinforcement as well as punishment and extinction. Positive reinforcement gives preference to the reward for the desirable response (Haider, et. al., 2014). Negative reinforcement refers the behaviour of the employee to avoid undesirable results. Punishment is being given for the mistake to the employee by the manager. Extinction refers to remove all reinforcements in result of an inadequate behaviour. The theory of reinforcing behaviour should be applied after the analyzing the situations which leads to the aspiration outcomes. There are various kinds of human works in the organization who will have different natures. They can be task performer, organizational citizenship, counterproductive work behaviour and the person who has the nature of joining and staying with the organization. Task performers have the nature of setting thee goals and achieve them within time frame. They are very constructive towards their work and focused on the accomplishment of task. The people who have the nature of organizational citizenship are able to handle the team in effective manner and enhance the cooperation between the employees (Lin and Cheng, 2017). An employee with counterproductive behaviour will definitely have a tendency to harm the organization. The job satisfied employee will stay with the organization for a long time and this kind of nature is very helpful for the organization to maintain the reputation in the view of outsiders. The book of an organization man was deeply examined of the concept of loyalty within the organization. It defines that the evidence based approach is an effective approach to make decision on the basis of managerial. Evidence based approach includes complex and conscientious decision making. It is based on the characters, situation and patience. It is considered as a philosophical approach. It is important for the management because it is an emerging movement to unambiguously utilize present based practices in the context of managerial decision making (Montano and Kasprzyk, 2015). Evidence based approach can be implemented in the business by involving number of employees in the decision making. The aim of this approach is to link the gap between scientific research and management practices. This approach can be promoted in the management by consultation and education. Along with that by motivating the employees, managing mergers, encouraging entrepreneurship, using financial incentives, setting goals, conducting management training and improving performance can be some elements which may be work as supporter to implement the evidence based approach in the management and organizational behaviour (Schwartz, et. al., 2013). For bringing the more scientific evidence in to the decision of the manager, it is required for the manager of the organization to evaluate the validity and applicability of the found material. It makes enable to employee to think scientifically in order to keep balance of the subjectivity. Interpersonal skills are the tool of the management which bring closer to the employees of the organization. It is considered as important skill to provide good customer services, to handle the situation of conflicts and resolve them, to convey professionalism and to make good leaders. A personal and interpersonal skill has a direct influence on the culture of the organization. Employees of the organization should share their special bond to their colleagues to deliver their level best (Barkema, Chen, George, Luo and Tsui, 2015). There are so many changes have done in the organization. An organization man refers a personality who cares only for the goals of company and not personal goals. In todays world, the competition has increased and most of the employees think only for themselves and after getting awaited opportunities, they do not think twice about the leaving the company. Employee of the todays business need only job satisfaction and due to job hopping and casualization, it i s not possible for the employees to remain in the same company for a long time without thinking their own outside profits (Kinicki and Kreitner, 2012). Team work is necessary for the organization to attain the desired goals. It is not possible for an individual to attain the targets of the company on single hand. Effective team can be developed if the team leader of the team is motivated and have the skills of leadership which will be facilitated to encourage employees as a team to achieve the goals and objectives of the company. There are so many issues such as employee issue, team issue, poor communication and no clear goals of the organization. They can be resolved by accepting the organizational behaviour theory such as theory of intelligence, theory of motivation, theory of perception, theory of personality and the theory of attitudes and behaviour. There are several examples are given in the book of an Organization Man such as American businesses and the IBM was the classical example which describes that the manager of the IBM wore single color dress for a long time and stayed loyal and obedient towards the company always. Job hopping and casualization is general in todays business and it is required for the organization to apply the various theory in the business so that the knowledgeable employee will remain with the company for a long time (Luthans, Luthans and Luthans, 2015). It has been concluded that the organizational theory is vital to analyze the performance of the employee as well as to make them happy with the organization. The importance of evidence based approach has been discussed in this essay which shows that the decision making process of management should be done on the basis of scientific manner as well as management approach. The book of The Organization Man has been mentioned in this essay to highlight the Organization Man of todays organization. References Barkema, H.G., Chen, X.P., George, G., Luo, Y. and Tsui, A.S., 2015, West meets East: New concepts and theories,Academy of Management Journal,58(2), pp.460-479. Colquitt, J., Lepine, J.A., Wesson, M.J. and Gellatly, I.R., 2011,Organizational behavior: Improving performance and commitment in the workplace, McGraw-Hill Irwin. Haider, A.H., Hashmi, Z.G., Zafar, S.N., Castillo, R., Haut, E.R., Schneider, E.B., Cornwell III, E.E., Mackenzie, E.J. and Efron, D.T., 2014, Developing best practices to study trauma outcomes in large databases: an evidence-based approach to determine the best mortality risk adjustment model,Journal of trauma and acute care surgery,76(4), pp.1061-1069. Kinicki, A. and Kreitner, R., 2012,Organizational behavior: Key concepts, skills best practices, McGraw-Hill Irwin. LIN, Y. and CHENG, K., 2017, Differential Leadership and Employees' Unethical Pro-organizational Behavior: A Perspective of Insider and Outsider,Journal of Management,3, p.005. Luthans, F., Luthans, B.C. and Luthans, K.W., 2015,Organizational behavior: An evidence-based approach, IAP. Montano, D.E. and Kasprzyk, D., 2015, Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model,Health behavior: Theory, research and practice. Schwartz, J., Winters, J.L., Padmanabhan, A., Balogun, R.A., Delaney, M., Linenberger, M.L., Szczepiorkowski, Z.M., Williams, M.E., Wu, Y. and Shaz, B.H., 2013, Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practiceevidence?based approach from the Writing Committee of the American Society for Apheresis: the sixth special issue,Journal of clinical apheresis,28(3), pp.145-284.

Evidence Based Practice

Questions: 1. ask including PICO? 2. Access- identify best evidence? 3. Appraise: Appraise the evidence for its validity and usefulness? 4. Apply: Describe how you would use this evidence to address the issue? 5. Assess: Identify how you would evaluate your proposed intervention? Answers: Introduction Katherine is a slightly overweight middle-aged woman. Being very physically active and fit during her early days, the stress of the physical exercise had let her suffer from chronic shin splints. This has caused her to suffer from overweight preventing exercise that compounded her to gain weight and lead a sedentary lifestyle. 1. Pico question Among all treatments for chronic shin splints, is massage therapy the best treatment option for Katherine as compared to anti-inflammatory painkillers for better health outcomes? 2. Access Massage therapy is one of the best options that would help to reduce the pain of Katherine. It is an effective non-surgical intervention that would help to reduce the pain and relieves the stress than non-inflammatory painkillers (Dalton, Davies Jones, 2016). The painkillers have side effects as its prolonged use would cause bleeding ulcers in the subject. The massage therapy is beneficial for the reduction of pain in the shin and in relaxing the muscles of the tibialis anterior (Fogarty, 2015). The tibialis anterior is one of the important muscles that tolerate plenty of pressure. The right kind of massage is helpful for the chronic shin splints and helps in calming the tibialis anterior muscle that would greatly relieve the pain (Angoules, 2015). The application of broad pressure on the muscle would help to reduce the triggering pain. 3. Apraise There are types of massage therapy that would help to relieve the chronic pain and also prevent the building up of scar tissue (Winters et al., 2014). The deep tissue massage is useful in relaxation of the muscles and helps the muscles to loosen up. It is also useful in releasing the tightness of muscles and in the reduction of deep pain. There is another kind of relaxation massage that helps to reduce pressure and improves the lymphatic fluid circulation by movement of metabolic wastes taken away from the body (Sathe, 2017). The massage therapy also targets the muscle-tendon joints that help to reduce the recovery time after exercise and helps in increasing flexibility of the muscles (Clement Arvinen-Barrow, 2013). It also helps to reduce the risk of injury that promotes greater mobility. Self-massage is also a good option by identifying the right muscle that would help to reduce the pain. 4. Apply The self-massage therapy is the best treatment for Katherine. The chronic pain of Katherine would reduce with self-massage and helps in healing of the scar tissue (Williamson Arthur, 2013). As Katherine is slightly overweight and leads a sedentary lifestyle, the weight reduction would help to prevent the development of shin splints. Having a balanced diet would help her to maintain her body weight and gain back her fitness. Katherine should wear the right kind of shoes that would relieve her of strain and relax her muscles. After the massage therapy, she would gain back her mobility and in the prevention of risk factors for the development of shin splints. 5. Assess The massage therapy would be effective for Katherine as it would aid in the relaxing of her muscles and relieves her of chronic pain. It would help to improve her mobility and flexibility, in turn, helping to gain back her fitness. It would also improve her joint flexibility and decrease in muscular spasms (Lamott, 2015). The massage therapy would also relieve the tension in the muscles and increases lymph and blood flow circulation. After her flexibility increases, she would be able to increase her mobility and do light exercises that would help her to maintain her weight. References Angoules, A. G. (2015). Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome in Athletes: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach.J Nov Physiother,5, e138. Clement, D., Arvinen-Barrow, M. (2013). Sport medicine team influences in psychological rehabilitation.The psychology of sport injury and rehabilitation, 156-170. Dalton, R., Davies, M. B., Jones, A. (2016). Calf and Shin Problems.ABC of Common Soft Tissue Disorders, 72. Fogarty, S. (2015). Massage treatment and medial tibial stress syndrome; A commentary to provoke thought about the way massage therapy is used in the treatment of MTSS.Journal of bodywork and movement therapies,19(3), 447-452. Lamott, A. (2015). Muscular System.Massage Therapy: Principles and Practice, 431. Sathe, A. (2017). Medial tibial stress syndrome: A case study.Saudi Journal of Sports Medicine,17(1), 50. Williamson, B. L., Arthur, C. H. (2013). Shin-splints: common exercise-related syndromes affecting the lower leg.Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service,100(3), 272-276. Winters, K. K., Kostishak, N., Valovich McLeod, T., Welch, C. E. (2014). Treatment of Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome: A Critical Review.International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training,19(4), 27-31. Evidence Based Practice Question: Identify a research or evidence-based article that focuses comprehensively on a specific intervention or new diagnostic tool for the treatment of diabetes in adults or children. Answer: Diabetes is a very chronic and complex type of diseases, which is prevalent in almost all individuals. The ongoing support and the self-management of the patient are very crucial in preventing the complications and reducing the future risks of the diseases (Hamman et al,. 2015). The American Diabetes Association's standard care have a recommendation of providing the clinicians, patients, payers and researchers with the diabetes care components, the goals of general treatment for the evaluation of the quality care (American Diabetes Association. (2014). The recommendation includes screening, diagnostic and therapeutic actions that are believed to have the immense effect on the patient's health outcomes. Of late A1C was taken as the reliable source for the diagnosis of diabetes. The A1C level in the hemoglobin is measured as a standardized test in comparison to the international A1C derived glucose from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trials (Ochoa et al,.2014). The measure of A1C provides a measure of chronic glycemic control without the need for fasting or any tried sample, and this measurement relates well with the risk of future diabetes and its complications. The HbA1C test depends on the connection of glucose to haemoglobin, the protein in the RBCs that helps in transporting oxygen. The average life of an RBC being 120 days, the HbA1C test depicts the average of the blood glucose levels in a person over the same course of time. the test result is represented as a percentage and the normal HbA1C level being below 5.7% (Casagrande et al,.2013). According to a study, an aggregate 10,038 members were selected from the Ansung-Ansan cohort. All subjects experienced a 75-g oral glucose resistance test at standard and observed biennially. Barring subjects with a history of diabetes (n = 572), the beneficiary working trademark bend was utilized to assess the indicative exactness of the A1C cut off. The Cox relative dangers model was utilized to anticipate diabetes at 6 years. The study aimed to evaluate the functionality of HbA1C levels in screening for undiagnosed diabetes as an indicator of occurrence of diabetes in the next six years, in an imminent, population based cohort study. This was a vast, forthcoming study of cohort that utilized rigid criteria to analyse diabetes and assessed the convenience of A1C level in diabetes screening and in the forecast of new-onset diabetes. ). It acts a very better indicator of a chronic glycemic level with less preanalytic instability and is much consistent in nature. The outline and standard attributes of the Ansung-Ansan cohort study is a progressing forthcoming, group based partner think about that is a piece of the Korean Health and Genome Study, a group based epidemiological study to examine the patterns in diabetes and related danger components. The standard examination was conducted in 20012002, and subsequent biennial observation will proceed through 2010. The qualification criteria incorporated an age of 4069 years, living arrangement inside the fringes of the review region for no less than 6 months before testing, and adequate mental and physical capacity to take an interest (Bullard et al,.2013). The results depicted that a pattern of 635 members (6.8%), previously had undiagnosed diabetes. A cut-off of 5.9% of HbA1C levels, delivered the most noteworthy total of specificity (91%) and sensitivity (68%). An instance of diabetes occurred in 895 (10.2%) subjects at 6 years. After many alterations and adjustments, it was concluded that men with pattern A1C 5.6% had a 2.4-fold expanded danger and ladies had a 3.1-fold expanded danger of new-onset diabetes (Choi et. al, 2011). The fundamental observation or finding of this study is that the assessment of the levels of HbA1C in human blood is very effective in diagnosing diabetes type 2 and beneficial as an indicator of occurrence of the same in future. A cut-off of HbA1C levels of 5.9% were figured as individuals with undiagnosed diabetes and people with an HbA1C 5.6% had an expanded danger for progression to sort 2 diabetes free of other bewildering variables.. The measure of HbA1C level is taken as a standard one because the data produced by it is the consistent one. The use and acceptance of HbA1C level for the screening of diabetes as a diagnostic tool is for many years because of its accurate standardization. It gives a clear cut-off for both the diabetic patient as well as for the one who have not been treated or undiagnosed. The advantages of A1C over the other ones are that it does not need any timed sample or fasting process (Bullard et al,.2013). References American Diabetes Association. (2014). Standards of medical care in diabetes--2014.Diabetes care,37, S14. Bullard, K. M., Saydah, S. H., Imperatore, G., Cowie, C. C., Gregg, E. W., Geiss, L. S., ... Caspersen, C. J. (2013). Secular changes in US prediabetes prevalence defined by hemoglobin A1c and fasting plasma glucose.Diabetes Care,36(8), 2286-2293. Casagrande, S. S., Fradkin, J. E., Saydah, S. H., Rust, K. F., Cowie, C. C. (2013). The prevalence of meeting A1C, blood pressure, and LDL goals among people with diabetes, 19882010.Diabetes care,36(8), 2271-2279. Choi, S. H., Kim, T. H., Lim, S., Park, K. S., Jang, H. C., Cho, N. H. (2011). Hemoglobin A1c as a Diagnostic Tool for Diabetes Screening and New-Onset Diabetes Prediction A 6-year community-based prospective study.Diabetes care,34(4), 944-949. Hamman, R. F., Horton, E., Barrett-Connor, E., Bray, G. A., Christophi, C. A., Crandall, J., ... Knowler, W. C. (2015). Factors affecting the decline in incidence of diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS).Diabetes,64(3), 989-998. Ochoa, P. S., Terrell, B. T., Vega, J. A., Mnjoyan, S. Z., Lu, C., Klein, M. S., Binkley, G. W. (2014). Identification of previously undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes in the inpatient setting using risk factor and hemoglobin A1C screening.Annals of Pharmacotherapy,48(11), 1434-1439.